U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

National Collaborating Centre for Nursing and Supportive Care (UK). Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Primary Care [Internet]. London: Royal College of Nursing (UK); 2008 Feb. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 61.)

  • Update information March 2017 Recommendation 1.1.1.2 in the short version was updated by NICE with more recent guidance on recognition and referral for suspected cancer. Recommendation 1.1.1.3 in the short version was removed as it was no longer needed after the changes to recommendation 1.1.1.2. February 2015 NICE has made new recommendations relating to the clinical management (dietary and lifestyle advice, and pharmacological therapy) of people with IBS. The recommendations and evidence in sections 3, 7.6, 8.4, 8.5.2 and 9.1 of this guideline that have been highlighted in grey have been stood down and replaced. New recommendations on dietary and lifestyle advice, and pharmacological therapy, can be found in the irritable bowel syndrome in adults update CG61.1. September 2012 A recommendation in this guideline (see pages 28 and 37) has been partially updated by recommendation 1.1.2.1 in 'Ovarian cancer' (NICE clinical guideline 122, 2011).

Update information March 2017 Recommendation 1.1.1.2 in the short version was updated by NICE with more recent guidance on recognition and referral for suspected cancer. Recommendation 1.1.1.3 in the short version was removed as it was no longer needed after the changes to recommendation 1.1.1.2. February 2015 NICE has made new recommendations relating to the clinical management (dietary and lifestyle advice, and pharmacological therapy) of people with IBS. The recommendations and evidence in sections 3, 7.6, 8.4, 8.5.2 and 9.1 of this guideline that have been highlighted in grey have been stood down and replaced. New recommendations on dietary and lifestyle advice, and pharmacological therapy, can be found in the irritable bowel syndrome in adults update CG61.1. September 2012 A recommendation in this guideline (see pages 28 and 37) has been partially updated by recommendation 1.1.2.1 in 'Ovarian cancer' (NICE clinical guideline 122, 2011).

Cover of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults

Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Primary Care [Internet].

Show details

Appendix EExcluded studies

E1. DIAGNOSIS

E2. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

E3. FIBRE

E4. PRE/PRO-BIOTICS

E5. ALOE VERA

E6. EXCLUSION DIET

E7. LAXATIVES

E8. ANTI-MOTILITY AGENTS

E9. ANTISPASMODICS

E10. ANTIDEPRESSANTS

E11. ADVERSE EFFECTS

E12. RELAXATION

E13. BIOFEEDBACK

E14. PSYCHOTHERAPY

E15. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY

E16. HYPNOTHERAPY

E17. REFLEXOLOGY

E18. ACUPUNCTURE

E19. HERBAL MEDICINE

E21. PSYCHOSOCIAL

E22. PATIENT INFORMATION

E23. COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIES TO MANAGE IBS: TESTING FOR ALTERNATIVE DIAGNOSES

E24. COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIES TO MANAGE IBS: INTERVENTION TO MANAGE IBS

REFERENCE LIST OF EXCLUDED STUDIES

  1. Irritable bowel syndrome: the cost-effective diagnosis. Emergency Medicine. 1994;26(9):31. [No authors listed]
  2. Inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis. American Journal of Managed Care. 1997;3(Suppl(29 ref)) [No authors listed]
  3. Early ovarian cancer remains elusive. Medicine Today. 2004;5(9):7–8. [No authors listed]
  4. A General Practice Research Group. Multicentre general practice comparison of loperamide and diphenoxylate with atropine in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in adults. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1979;33(3):77–9. [PubMed: 444389]
  5. Aberg A, Holmberg G. Controlled trial of a new antidepressive, amoxapine, in comparison with amitriptyline. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1977;22(2):304–15.
  6. Addolorato G, Marsigli L, Capristo E, Caputo F, Dall’Aglio C, Baudanza P. Anxiety and depression: a common feature of health care seeking patients with irritable bowel syndrome and food allergy. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1998;45(23):1559–64. [PubMed: 9840105]
  7. Adler SN, Jacob H, Lijovetzky G, Mulder CJJ, Zwiers A. Positive coeliac serology in irritable bowel syndrome patients with normal duodenal biopsies: Video capsule endoscopy findings and HLA-DQ typing may affect clinical management. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. 2006;15(3):221–5. [PubMed: 17013445]
  8. Agency for Healthcare Research, Quality. Mind-body interventions for gastrointestinal conditions. AHRQ Evidence Reports. 2001:40.
  9. Agreus L, Talley NJ, Svardsudd K, Tibblin G, Jones MP. Identifying dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: the value of pain or discomfort, and bowel habit descriptors. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000;35(2):142–51. [PubMed: 10720111]
  10. Alderman J. Managing irritable bowel syndrome. Advance for Nurse Practitioners. 1999;7(1):40–78. [PubMed: 10030169]
  11. Alestig K, Trollfors B, Stenqvist K. Acute non-specific diarrhoea: studies on the use of charcoal, kaolin-pectin and diphenoxylate. Practitioner. 1979;222(1332):859–62. [PubMed: 482236]
  12. Alevizos B, Christodoulou GN, Ioannidis C, Voulgari A, Mantidis A, Spiliadis C. The efficacy of amineptine in the treatment of depressive patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1989;12(Suppl 2):S66–S76. [PubMed: 2698273]
  13. Allison MC, Sercombe J, Pounder RE. A double-blind crossover comparison of lidamidine, loperamide and placebo for the control of chronic diarrhoea. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988;2(4):347–51. [PubMed: 2979258]
  14. Ansseau M, Von Frenckell R, Mertens C, De Wilde J, Botte L, Devoitille J-M, Evrard J-L, De Nayer A, Darimont P, Dejaiffe G, Mirel J, Meurice E, Parent M, Couzinier J-P, Demarez J-P, Serre C. Controlled comparison of two doses of milnacipran (F 2207) and amitriptyline in major depressive inpatients. Psychopharmacology. 1989;98(2):163–8. [PubMed: 2569214]
  15. Ao X, Wang N. Auricular-plaster therapy for treatment of IBS. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2004;24(3):166–7. [PubMed: 15510788]
  16. Arffmann S, Andersen JR, Hegnhöj J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Mogensen NB, Krag E. Irritable bowel syndrome treated with wheat brain - a controlled double blind trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology - Supplement. 1983;86:3. [PubMed: 2988107]
  17. Armbrecht U, Reul W, Stockbrugger RW. The influence of telenzepine on gastrointestinal transit: comparison with placebo and domperidone. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1990;28(2):85–9. [PubMed: 2181787]
  18. Arn I, Theorell T, Uvnas-Moberg K, Jonsson C-O. Psychodrama group therapy for patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders - A controlled long-term follow-up study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1989;51(3):113–9. [PubMed: 2636416]
  19. Atkinson K, Tokmakajian S, Watson W, Gregor J. Evaluation of the endomysial antibody for celiac disease: operating properties and associated cost implications for clinical practice. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995;11(8):673–7. [PubMed: 9459047]
  20. Avigan M, Justice R, Mackey AC, Nair N. Re: Brandt et al.--An evidence-based approach to the management of irritable bowel syndrome in North America. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;98(9):2105–6. [PubMed: 14499800]
  21. Awad R, Dibildox M, Ortiz F. Irritable bowel syndrome treatment using pinaverium bromide as a calcium channel blocker. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Acta Gastroenterologica Latinoamericana. 1995;25(3):137–44. [PubMed: 8600700]
  22. Awad RA, Cordova VH, Dibildox M, Santiago R, Camacho S. Reduction of post-prandial motility by pinaverium bromide a calcium channel blocker acting selectively on the gastrointestinal tract in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Acta Gastroenterologica Latinoamericana. 1997;27(4):247–51. [PubMed: 9401097]
  23. Baar K. New uses for Aloe vera. Natural Health. 1995;25(6):58–62.
  24. Badiali D, Corazziari E, Habib FI, Tomei E, Bausano G, Magrini P, Anzini F, Torsoli A. Effect of wheat bran in treatment of chronic nonorganic constipation. A double-blind controlled trial. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1995;40(2):349–56. [PubMed: 7851201]
  25. Baeyens R, van dV, De Schepper A, Wollaert F, Reyntjens A. Effects of intravenous and oral domperidone on the motor function of the stomach and small intestine. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979;55(Suppl 1):19–23. [PubMed: 382148]
  26. Baldi F, Corinaldesi R, Ferrarini F. Clinical and functional evaluation of octilonium bromide in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. A double-blind controlled trial. Clinical Trials Journal. 1983;20(2):77–88.
  27. Baldi F, Longanesi A, Blasi A, Monello S, Cestari R, Missale G, Corazziari E, Badiali G, Pescatori M, Anastasio G. Clinical and functional evaluation of the efficacy of otilonium bromide: a multicenter study in Italy. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991;23(8 Suppl 1):60–3. [PubMed: 1756285]
  28. Baldi F, Longanesi A, Blasi A, Monello S, Cestari R, Missale G, Corazziari E, Badiali G, Marzio L, Di Felice F. Octylonium bromide in the treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical-functional study. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1992;39(5):392–5. [PubMed: 1459516]
  29. Banerjee R, Choung OW, Gupta R, Tandan M, Lakhtakia S, Rao GV, Reddy DN. Rome I criteria are more sensitive than Rome II for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in Indian patients. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;24(4):164–6. [PubMed: 16204906]
  30. Barbara L, Miglioli M. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. A double-blind trial of the anticholinergic octatropine methylbromide (Valpin) alone or with the tranquillizer diazepam (Valpinax). Clinical Trials Journal. 1979;16(5):140–6.
  31. Barbezat GO, Clain JE, Halter F. A double-blind trial of loperamide in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea. South African Medical Journal, Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979;55(13):502–3. [PubMed: 377521]
  32. Barbier P. Double blind controlled trial of a new colonic antispasmodic agent, actylonium bromide. Ars Medici Revue Internationale De Therapie Pratique. 1981;36(21):1879–80.
  33. Bardella MT, Trovato C, Cesana BM, Pagliari C, Gebbia C, Peracchi M. Serological markers for coeliac disease: Is it time to change? Digestive and Liver Disease. 2001;33(5):426–31. [PubMed: 11529655]
  34. Barrow L, Steed KP, Spiller RC, Maskell NA, Brown JK, Watts PJ, Melia CD, Davies MC, Wilson CG. Quantitative, noninvasive assessment of antidiarrheal actions of codeine using an experimental model of diarrhea in man. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1993;38(6):996–1003. [PubMed: 8389688]
  35. Basilisco G, Camboni G, Bozzani A, Paravicini M, Bianchi PA. Oral naloxone antagonizes loperamide-induced delay of orocecal transit. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1987;32(8):829–32. [PubMed: 3608730]
  36. Bass P, Dennis S. The laxative effects of lactulose in normal and constipated subjects. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1981;3(Suppl 1):23–8. [PubMed: 7035543]
  37. Bass P, Clark C, DoPico GA. Comparison of the laxative efficacy and patient preference of calcium polycarbophil tablets and psyllium suspension. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1988;43(4):770–4.
  38. Bassotti G, Gaburri M. Effect of eating and cimetropium bromide (Alginor) on colonic motility. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986;16(Suppl (2 Pt II)):A28.
  39. Bassotti G, Fiorella S, Roselli P, Modesto R. Use of polyethylene glycol solution in slow transit constipation. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1999;31(Suppl 3):S255–S256. [PubMed: 10726231]
  40. Battaglia G, Morselli-Labate AM, Camarri E, Francavilla A, De Marco F, Mastropaolo G, Naccarato R. Otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 15-week study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998;12(10):1003–10. [PubMed: 9798806]
  41. Baume P. Mebeverine, an effective agent in the irritable colon syndrome. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1971;2(1):34–6. [PubMed: 4554271]
  42. Beaugerie L, Burger AJ, Cadranel JF, Lamy P, Gendre JP, Le Quintrec Y. Modulation of orocaecal transit time by hypnosis. Gut. 1991;32(4):393–4. [PMC free article: PMC1379077] [PubMed: 2026339]
  43. Beck E, Hurwitz B. Irritable bowel syndrome. Occasional Paper - Royal College of General Practitioners. 1992;(58):32–5. [PMC free article: PMC2560230] [PubMed: 1345147]
  44. Bell GD, Richmond CR, Somerville KW. Peppermint oil capusles (Colpermin) for the irritable bowel syndrome: a pharmacokinetic study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983;16:228P–9P. [PMC free article: PMC1463599] [PubMed: 6487507]
  45. Bengtsson M, Ulander K, Borgdal EB, Christensson A-C, Ohlsson B. A course of instruction for women with irritable bowel syndrome. Patient Education and Counseling. 2006;62(1):118–25. [PubMed: 16098703]
  46. Bengtsson U, Knutson TW, Knutson L, Dannaeus A, Hallgren R, Ahlstedt S. Increased levels of hyaluronan and albumin after intestinal challenge in adult patients with cow’s milk intolerance. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 1996;26(1):96–103. [PubMed: 8789548]
  47. Bennett P, Wilkinson S. A comparison of psychological and medical treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1985;24(Pt 3):215–6. [PubMed: 3902127]
  48. Bertram S, Kurland M, Lydick E, Locke GR III, Yawn BP. The patient’s perspective of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Family Practice. 2001;50(6):521–5. [PubMed: 11401739]
  49. Besedovsky A, Li BU. Across the developmental continuum of irritable bowel syndrome: clinical and pathophysiologic considerations. Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2004;6(3):247–53. [PubMed: 15128493]
  50. Bindslev-Jensen C, Skov PS, Madsen F, Poulsen LK. Food allergy and food intolerance--what is the difference? Annals of Allergy. 1994;72(4):317–20. [PubMed: 8154629]
  51. Blanchard EB, Schwarz SP. Adaptation of a multicomponent treatment for irritable bowel syndrome to a small-group format. Biofeedback and Self Regulation. 1987;12(1):63–9. [PubMed: 3663739]
  52. Bliss DZ, Jung H, Savik K, Lowry A, LeMoine M, Jensen L, Werner C, Schaffer K. Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal incontinence. Nursing Research. 2001;50(4):203–13. [PubMed: 11480529]
  53. Bohmer CJM, Tuynman HARE. The effect of a lactose-restricted diet in patients with a positive lactose tolerance test, earlier diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome: A 5-year follow-up study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001;13(8):941–4. [PubMed: 11507359]
  54. Bolin T, Tennyson Y. Resistant constipation: a role for acupuncture? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1983;13:102.
  55. Bommelaer G, Dorval E, Denis P, Czernichow P, Frexinos J, Pelc A, Slama A, El Hasnaoui A. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the French population according to the Rome I criteria. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 2002;26(12):1118–23. [PubMed: 12520200]
  56. Bosshard W, Dreher R, Schnegg J-F, Bula CJ. The treatment of chronic constipation in elderly people: An update. Drugs and Aging. 2004;21(14):911–30. [PubMed: 15554750]
  57. Bouchoucha M, Faye A, Devroede G, Arsac M. Effects of oral pinaverium bromide on colonic response to food in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2000;54(7):381–7. [PubMed: 10989977]
  58. Bouchoucha M, Faye A, Savarieau B, Arsac M. Effect of an oral bulking agent and a rectal laxative administered alone or in combination for the treatment of constipation. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 2004;28(5):438–43. [PubMed: 15243316]
  59. Bouhnik Y, Vahedi K, Achour L, Attar A, Salfati J, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Bornet F, Rambaud JC. Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide administration dose-dependently increases fecal bifidobacteria in healthy humans. Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129(1):113–6. [PubMed: 9915885]
  60. Bowron A, Moorghen M, Morgan JE, Osborne JR, Stansbie D, Stone JE, Bowron A, Moorghen M, Morgan JE, Osborne JR, Stansbie D, Stone JE. Cost-effective strategy for the serological investigation of coeliac disease. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2000;37(Pt 4):467–70. [PubMed: 10902862]
  61. Böhmer CJ, Tuynman HA. The clinical relevance of lactose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1996;8(10):1013–6. [PubMed: 8930569]
  62. Brigidi P, Vitali B, Swennen E, Bazzocchi G, Matteuzzi D. Effects of probiotic administration upon the composition and enzymatic activity of human fecal microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhea. Research in Microbiology. 2001;152(8):735–41. [PubMed: 11686387]
  63. Camarri E, Guidoni G, Marini G, Schiaroli G. On the treatment of irritable colon. Clinical results achieved with a new antispasmodic agent. (Octylonium bromide). Policlinico - Sezione Medica. 1981;88(2):174–84.
  64. Camilleri M. Targeting therapy for the irritable bowel syndrome. Drugs of Today. 1992;28(8):581–9.
  65. Camilleri M, Kim D-Y. What is the relevance of a systematic review of pharmacological management in irritable bowel syndrome to older people? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001;49(9):1249–52. [PubMed: 11559387]
  66. Camilleri M, Kim D-Y, McKinzie S, Kim HJ, Thomforde GM, Burton DD, Low PA, Zinsmeister AR. A randomized, controlled exploratory study of clonidine in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;1(2):111–21. [PubMed: 15017503]
  67. Cammarota G, Cesaro P, Martino A, Zuccala G, Cianci R, Nista E, Larocca LM, Vecchio FM, Gasbarrini A, Gasbarrini G, Cammarota G, Cesaro P, Martino A, Zuccala G, Cianci R, Nista E, Larocca LM, Vecchio FM, Gasbarrini A, Gasbarrini G. High accuracy and cost-effectiveness of a biopsy-avoiding endoscopic approach in diagnosing coeliac disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2006;23(1):61–9. [PubMed: 16393281]
  68. Cann PA, Read NW, Holdsworth CD. What is the benefit of coarse wheat bran in patients with irritable bowel syndrome? Gut. 1984;25(2):168–73. [PMC free article: PMC1432266] [PubMed: 6319244]
  69. Cann PA, Read NW, Holdsworth CD, Barends D. Role of loperamide and placebo in management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1984;29(3):239–47. [PubMed: 6365490]
  70. Capra SM, Hannan-Jones M. A controlled dietary trial for improving bowel function in a group of training centre residents with severe or profound intellectual disability. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 1993;18(2):111–21.
  71. Capron JP, Zeitoun P, Julien D. The effects of a drug combination of kaolin, sterculia gum, and meprobamate in the irritable colon syndrome. The results of a multicenter monitored study. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 1981;5(1):67–72. [PubMed: 7009302]
  72. Capurso L, Koch M, Tarquini M. The irritable bowel syndrome. A cross-over study of octilonium bromide, mebeverine and placebo. Clinical Trials Journal. 1984;21(5):285–91.
  73. Capurso L, Del Sette F, Tarquini M, Ferrario F. Octylonium bromide plus diazepam versus diazepam or octylonium bromide alone in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. An open controlled clinical trial. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1992;52(3):368–77.
  74. Carling L, Svedberg L-E, Hulten S. Short term treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: A placebo-controlled trial of peppermint oil against hyoscyamine. Opuscula Medica. 1989;34(3):55–7.
  75. Castillo R, Nardi G, Simhan D. Therapeutic response of lactulose to idiopathic chronic constipation. Prensa Medica Argentina. 1995;82(2):173–6.
  76. Cayley WE Jr. Diagnostic criteria for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. American Family Physician. 2006;74(4):557–8. [PubMed: 16939177]
  77. Centonze V, Imbimbo BP, Campanozzi F, Attolini E, Daniotti S, Albano O. Oral cimetropium bromide, a new antimuscarinic drug, for long-term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988;83(11):1262–6. [PubMed: 3055943]
  78. Chan J, Carr I, Mayberry JF. The role of acupuncture in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A pilot study. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1997;44(17):1328–30. [PubMed: 9356848]
  79. Chan TYK, Tam HP, Lai CK, Chan AYW. A multidisciplinary approach to the toxicologic problems associated with the use of herbal medicines. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2005;27(1):53–7. [PubMed: 15665747]
  80. Chang SY, Jones MP. Consulters and Nonconsulters in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What Makes an IBS Patient a Patient? Practical Gastroenterology. 2003;27(12):15–26.
  81. Chen H-L, Lu Y-H, Lin J-J, Ko L-Y. Effects of fructooligosaccharide on bowel function and indicators of nutritional status in constipated elderly men. Nutrition Research. 2000;20(12):1725–33. [PubMed: 11294172]
  82. Chiarioni G, Scattolini C, Bonfante F, Vantini I. Liquid stool incontinence with severe urgency: Anorectal function and effective biofeedback treatment. Gut. 1993;34(11):1576–80. [PMC free article: PMC1374425] [PubMed: 8244147]
  83. Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Stanganini S, Vantini I, Whitehead WE. Sensory retraining is key to biofeedback therapy for formed stool fecal incontinence. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;97(1):109–17. [PubMed: 11808933]
  84. Chiba T, Kudara N, Sato M, Chishima R, Abiko Y, Inomata M, Orii S, Suzuki K. Colonic transit, bowel movements, stool form, and abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome by treatments with calcium polycarbophil. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2005;52(65):1416–20. [PubMed: 16201086]
  85. Chokhavatia S, Phipps T, Anuras S. Comparative laxation of calcium polycarbophil with psyllium mucilloid in an ambulatory geriatric population. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1988;44(6):1013–9.
  86. Christie AH, Culbert P, Guest JF, Christie AH, Culbert P, Guest JF. Economic impact of low dose polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes compared with lactulose in the management of idiopathic constipation in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20(1):49–60. [PubMed: 11817992]
  87. Clausen MR, Jorgensen J, Mortensen PB. Comparison of diarrhea induced by ingestion of fructooligosaccharide Idolax and disaccharide lactulose: role of osmolarity versus fermentation of malabsorbed carbohydrate. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998;43(12):2696–707. [PubMed: 9881502]
  88. Cleveland MV, Flavin DP, Ruben RA, Epstein RM, Clark GE. New polyethylene glycol laxative for treatment of constipation in adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Southern Medical Journal. 2001;94(5):478–81. [PubMed: 11372795]
  89. Clouse RE, Alpers DH. Irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic approach to diagnosis and management. Physician Assistant. 1988;12(7):43–5.
  90. Clouse RE, Lustman PJ, Geisman RA, Alpers DH. Antidepressant therapy in 138 patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a five-year clinical experience. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994;8(4):409–16. [PubMed: 7986966]
  91. Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, Sampson JE, Chen J, Blaszyk H, Crowell MD, Sharkey KA, Gershon MD, Mawe GM, Moses PL. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(7):1657–64. [PubMed: 15188158]
  92. Coffin B. Repeated therapy in subgroups of female patients with IBS: Who will respond and to which treatment? Commentary. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006;3(6):310–1.
  93. Cole JA, Yeaw JM, Cutone JA, Kuo B, Huang Z, Earnest DL, Walker AM. The incidence of abdominal and pelvic surgery among patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2005;50(12):2268–75. [PubMed: 16416174]
  94. Colwell LJ, Prather CM, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR. Effects of an irritable bowel syndrome educational class on health-promoting behaviors and symptoms. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998;93(6):901–5. [PubMed: 9647015]
  95. Connolly P, Hughes IW, Ryan G. Comparison of “Duphalac” and “irritant” laxatives during and after treatment of chronic constipation: a preliminary study. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1975;2(10):620–5. [PubMed: 4616802]
  96. Cooke C, Carr I, Abrams K, Mayberry J. Arrowroot as a treatment for diarrhoea in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a pilot study. Arquivos De Gastroenterologia. 2000;37(1):20–4. [PubMed: 10962623]
  97. Corazza GR, Vaira D, Milletti S. Controlled clinical evaluation of pinaverium bromide and trimebutine in functional disorders of the colon. Acta Therapeutica. 1983;9(4):383–9.
  98. Corbett CL, Palmer KR, Holdsworth CD. Effect of loperamide, codeine phosphate and diphenoxylate on urgency and incontinence in chronic diarrhoea. Gut. 1980;21(Suppl 1–12):A924.
  99. Corinaldesi R, Stanghellini V, Bocci G. Dietary fibers and intestinal transit times. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1982;31(2):173–80.
  100. Corney RH, Stanton R, Newell R, Clare A, Fairclough P. Behavioural psychotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1991;35(4–5):461–9. [PubMed: 1920177]
  101. Costa PJ. A cognitive group therapy program for irritable bowel syndrome: A comprehensive interdisciplinary model. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2001;62(4-B):2051.
  102. Creed F, Guthrie E, Ratcliffe J, Fernandes L, Rigby C, Tomenson B, Read N, Thompson DG. Reported sexual abuse predicts impaired functioning but a good response to psychological treatments in patients with severe irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2005;67(3):490–9. [PubMed: 15911915]
  103. Curtin F, Morabia A, Bernstein M, Dederding J-P. A population survey of bowel habits in urban Swiss men. European Journal of Public Health. 1998;8(2):170–5.
  104. Czimmer J, Suto G, Kiraly A, Mozsik G. Otilonium bromide enhances sensory thresholds of volume and pressure in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Physiology, Paris. 2001;95(1–6):153–6. [PubMed: 11595430]
  105. D’Arienzo A, D’Agostino L. Octilonium bromide in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Rassegna Internazionale Di Clinica e Terapia. 1980;60(10):649–56.
  106. Dancey CP, Hutton-Young A, Moye S, Devins GM. Perceived stigma, illness intrusiveness and quality of life in men and women with irritable bowel syndrome. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2002;7(4):381–95.
  107. Danhof IE. Pharmacology, toxicology, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of calcium polycarbophil, an enteral hydrosorptive agent. Pharmacotherapy. 1982;2(1):18–28. [PubMed: 6765389]
  108. Darnis F, Souillac P. [Treatment of functional colonic diseases and colonic diverticulosis. Comparative effects of bran and Kaologeais using a crossover method] Medecine & Chirurgie Digestives. 1980;9(5):435–7. [PubMed: 6253755]
  109. de Coster M, Kerremans R, Beckers J. A comparative double-blind study of two antidiarrhoeals, difenoxine and loperamide. Tijdschrift Voor Gastro-Enterologie. 1972;15(5):337–42. [PubMed: 4569431]
  110. De Simone C, Famularo G, Salvadori BB, Moretti S, Marcellini S, Trinchieri V, Santini G. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with the newer probiotic vsI#3: a multicenter trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;73(2):491S.
  111. Dear KL, Elia M, Hunter JO. Do interventions which reduce colonic bacterial fermentation improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome? Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2005;50(4):758–66. [PubMed: 15844715]
  112. Decola JP. Deliberate exposure to interoceptive sensations: A cognitive-behavioral treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2001;62(2-B):1073.
  113. Defrance P, Casini A. A comparison of the action of otilonium bromide and pinaverium bromide: study conducted under clinical control. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991;23(8 Suppl 1):64–6. [PubMed: 1756286]
  114. Delmont J. [The value of adding an antispasmodic musculotropic agent in the treatment of painful constipation in functional colopathies with bran. Double-blind study] Medecine & Chirurgie Digestives. 1981;10(4):365–70. [PubMed: 7029167]
  115. Delvaux M, Denis P, Allemand H. Sexual abuse is more frequently reported by IBS patients than by patients with organic digestive diseases or controls. Results of a multicentre inquiry. French Club of Digestive Motility. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1997;9(4):345–52. [PubMed: 9160196]
  116. Demeulenaere L, Verbeke S, Muls M, Reyntjens A. Loperamide: an open multicentre trial and double-blind cross-over comparison with placebo in patients with chronic diarrhoea. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1974;16(1):32–9. [PubMed: 4203846]
  117. Dew MJ, Evans BK, Rhodes J. Peppermint oil for the irritable bowel syndrome: a multicentre trial. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1984;38(11–12):394-Dec. [PubMed: 6397219]
  118. Dhaliwal SK, Hunt RH. Doctor-patient interaction for irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: a systematic perspective. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2004;16(11):1161–6. [PubMed: 15489576]
  119. Di Lorenzo C, Dooley CP, Valenzuela JE. Role of fasting gastrointestinal motility in the variability of gastrointestinal transit time assessed by hydrogen breath test. Gut. 1991;32(10):1127–30. [PMC free article: PMC1379372] [PubMed: 1955166]
  120. Di Stefano M, Strocchi A, Malservisi S, Veneto G, Ferrieri A, Corazza GR. Non-absorbable antibiotics for managing intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000;14(8):1001–8. [PubMed: 10930893]
  121. Dipalma JA, DeRidder PH, Orlando RC, Kolts BE, Cleveland MB. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of a new polyethylene glycol laxative. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000;95(2):446–50. [PubMed: 10685748]
  122. Dobrilla G, Imbimbo BP, Piazzi L, Bensi G. Longterm treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with cimetropium bromide: a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Gut. 1990;31(3):355–8. [PMC free article: PMC1378284] [PubMed: 2182401]
  123. Drisko J, Bischoff B, Hall M, McCallum R. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with a food elimination diet followed by food challenge and probiotics. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2006;25(6):514–22. [PubMed: 17229899]
  124. Drossman DA. Diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979;90(3):431–2. [PubMed: 426415]
  125. Drossman DA, Patrick DL, Whitehead WE, Toner BB, Diamant NE, Hu Y, Jia H, Bangdiwala SI. Further validation of the IBS-QOL: a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000;95(4):999–1007. [PubMed: 10763950]
  126. Dubarry JJ, QA Effet a court terme du bromure de pinaverium dans les oesophagites, gastro-duodenites et colopathies fonctionnelles. Bordeaux Medical. 1977;10(21):1457–9.
  127. Ducrotte P, Dapoigny M, Bonaz B, Siproudhis L. Symptomatic efficacy of beidellitic montmorillonite in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;21(4):435–44. [PubMed: 15709995]
  128. Dumitrascu DL. The effect of trimebutine on the psychosocial adjustment to illness in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2000;47(Suppl III):A217. [PubMed: 18386606]
  129. Dunlop SP, Spiller RC. Nutritional issues in irritable bowel syndrome. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2001;4(6):537–40. [PubMed: 11706290]
  130. Dzieniszewski J, Ciok J, Jarosz M. Loperamide (imodium)--clinical trial. Therapia Hungarica. 1990;38(2):60–3. [PubMed: 2198677]
  131. Edwards M. Silent suffering... irritable bowel syndrome. Practice Nurse. 1996;12(10):628.
  132. Efskind PS, Bernklev T, Vatn MH. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial with loperamide in irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996;31(5):463–8. [PubMed: 8734343]
  133. Ehsanullah M, Lee DA, Williams T, Pollard P, Gazzard B. The effect of secoverine hydrochloride on stimulated sigmoid motility: a double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over study in irritable bowel syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985;19(3):301–5. [PMC free article: PMC1463735] [PubMed: 3986085]
  134. Endo JO, Chen S, Potter JF, Ranno AE, Asadullah S, Lahiri P. Vitamin B12 deficiency and incontinence: Is there an association? Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2002;57(9):M583–M587. [PubMed: 12196495]
  135. Evangelista S. Otilonium bromide: a selective spasmolytic for the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of International Medical Research. 1999;27(5):207–22. [PubMed: 10689627]
  136. Evans BK, Levine DF, Mayberry JF, Rees WDW, Rhodes J, Thomsen TJ. Multicente trial of peppermint oil capsules in irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1982;17(78):503.
  137. Evans PR, Bak YT, Kellow JE. Mebeverine alters small bowel motility in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996;10(5):787–93. [PubMed: 8899088]
  138. Fan YJ, Chen SJ, Yu YC, Si JM, Liu B. A probiotic treatment containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus improves IBS symptoms in an open label trial. Journal of Zhejiang University, Science. B. 2006;7(12):987–91. [PMC free article: PMC1661666] [PubMed: 17111468]
  139. Fanigliulo L, Comparato G, Aragona G, Cavallaro L, Iori V, Maino M, Cavestro GM, Soliani P, Sianesi M, Franze A, Di Mario F. Role of gut microflora and probiotic effects in the irritable bowel syndrome. Acta Bio-Medica De L’Ateneo Parmense. 2006;77(2):85–9. [PubMed: 17172187]
  140. Feld AD. Legal risks in treating irritable bowel syndrome. Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2003;3(Suppl 3):S25–S31. [PubMed: 14502114]
  141. Fenn GC, Wilkinson PD, Lee CE, Akbar FA. A general practice study of the efficacy of Regulan in functional constipation. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1986;40(5):192–7. [PubMed: 3530306]
  142. Ferguson A, Culbert P, Gillett H, Barras N. New polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for the treatment of constipation and faecal impaction. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1999;31(Suppl 3):S249–S252. [PubMed: 10726229]
  143. Ferrari A, Cavallero M, Spandre M, Gemme C, Rossini FP, Imbimbo BP. Double-blind study of a new antimuscarinic, cimetropium bromide, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Therapeutics. 1986;8(3):320–8. [PubMed: 3521859]
  144. Ferrazzi S, Thompson GW, Irvine EJ, Pare P, Rance L. Diagnosis of constipation in family practice. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;16(3):159–64. [PubMed: 11930193]
  145. Fielding JF. Double blind trial of trimebutine in the irritable bowel syndrome. Irish Medical Journal. 1980;73(10):377–9. [PubMed: 7000730]
  146. Fielding JF. The right iliac fossa squelch sign: a marker of the irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1981;3(1):25–6. [PubMed: 7276488]
  147. Fielding JF. Domperidone treatment in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion. 1982;23(2):125–7. [PubMed: 6284574]
  148. Fine K. The prevalence, anatomic distribution, and diagnosis of colonic causes of chronic diarrhea. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000;51(3):318–326. (Abstract) [PubMed: 10699778]
  149. Flourie B, Briet F, Florent C, Pellier P, Maurel M, Rambaud J-C. Can diarrhea induced by lactulose be reduced by prolonged ingestion of lactulose? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993;58(3):369–75. [PubMed: 8237848]
  150. Foxx-Orenstein AE, Clarida JC. Irritable bowel syndrome in women: the physician-patient relationship evolving. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2001;101(12 Suppl Pt 2):S12–S16. [PubMed: 11794749]
  151. Francis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: Time for reappraisal. Lancet. 1994;344(8914):39–40. [PubMed: 7912305]
  152. Frexinos J, Bloom M, Milinkevitch D. Effect of Carbolevure on intestinal fermentation induced by the ingestion of lactulose. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research. 1988;8(6):449–55. [PubMed: 3253222]
  153. Friedman G. Irritable bowel syndrome in the elderly. Practical Gastroenterology. 1994;18(6):11–9.
  154. Fritz E, Hammer HF, Lipp RW, Hogenauer C, Stauber R, Hammer J. Effects of lactulose and polyethylene glycol on colonic transit. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;21(3):259–68. [PubMed: 15691300]
  155. Froguel E, Chaussade S, Roche H, Fallet M, Couturier D, Guerre J. Effects of an intestinal smooth muscle calcium channel blocker (pinaverium bromide) on colonic transit time in humans. Journal of Gastrointestinal Motility. 1990;2(3):176–9.
  156. Galati JS, McKee DP, Quigley EM. Response to intraluminal gas in irritable bowel syndrome. Motility versus perception. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1995;40(6):1381–7. [PubMed: 7781464]
  157. Galeone M, Stock F, Moise G. Pinaverium bromide versus otilonium bromide in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1986;39(4):613–24.
  158. Galeone M, Cacioli D, Megevand J, Saporiti F, Biraghi M. Clinical evaluation of syntropium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome. At random controlled study vs mebeverine. Gazzetta Medica Italiana. 1990;149(9):309–16.
  159. Galeone M, Cacioli D, Megevand J, Saporiti F, Patelli C, Casagrande A. Selection of the first-line treatment of irritable bowel syndrome - a prospective, randomised evaluation of fenoverine and hyoscine butyl bromide. European Journal of Clinical Research. 1992;3:157–70.
  160. Garrigues V, Galvez C, Ortiz V, Ponce M, Nos P, Ponce J. Prevalence of constipation: agreement among several criteria and evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of qualifying symptoms and self-reported definition in a population-based survey in Spain. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;159(5):520–6. [PubMed: 14977649]
  161. General Practitioner Research Group. Irritable colon syndrome treated with an antispasmodic drug. Practitioner. 1976;217(1298):276–80. [PubMed: 787960]
  162. Gerson CD, Gerson M-J. A Collaborative Health Care Model for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;1(6):446–52. [PubMed: 15017644]
  163. Ghidini O, Saponati G, Intrieri L. Single drug treatment for irritable colon: Rociverine versus trimebutine maleate. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1986;39(4):541–8.
  164. Gibson CJ, Opalka PC, Moore CA, Brady RS, Mion LC. Effectiveness of bran supplement on the bowel management of elderly rehabilitation patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1995;21(10):21–30. [PubMed: 7594246]
  165. Gibson GR. Fibre and effects on probiotics (the prebiotic concept). Clinical Nutrition, Supplement. 2004;1(2):25–31.
  166. Gilvarry J, Kenny A, Fielding JF. The non-effect of pirenzepine in dietary resistant irritable bowel syndrome. Irish Journal of Medical Science. 1989;158(10):262. [PubMed: 2559903]
  167. Gladman LM, Gorard DA. General practitioner and hospital specialist attitudes to functional gastrointestinal disorders. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003;17(5):651–4. [PubMed: 12641513]
  168. Glende M, Morselli-Labate AM, Battaglia G, Evangelista S. Extended analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 15-week study with otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002;14(12):1331–8. [PubMed: 12468954]
  169. Goettsch WG, van den Boom G, Breekveldt-Postma NS, Smout AJPM, Herings RMC. Treatment patterns and health care costs of mebeverine-treated IBS patients: a case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2004;13:803–10. [PubMed: 15386693]
  170. Golechha AC, Chadda VS, Chadda S, Sharma SK, Mishra SN. Role of ispaghula husk in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (a randomized double-blind crossover study). Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 1982;30(6):353–5. [PubMed: 6302072]
  171. Gonsalkorale WM, Houghton LA, Whorwell PJ. Hypnotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome: A large-scale audit of a clinical service with examination of factors influencing responsiveness. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;97(4):954–61. [PubMed: 12003432]
  172. Gonsalkorale WM, Miller V, Afzal A, Whorwell PJ. Long term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2003;52(11):1623–9. [PMC free article: PMC1773844] [PubMed: 14570733]
  173. Gonsalkorale WM, Whorwell PJ. Hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. [45 refs] European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;17(1):15–20. [PubMed: 15647634]
  174. Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MJG. Influence of antidepressants on whole gut and orocaecal transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994;8(2):159–66. [PubMed: 8038347]
  175. Greenbaum DS, Ferguson RK, Kater LA, Kuiper DH, Rosen LW. A controlled therapeutic study of the irritable-bowel syndrome: effect of diphenylhydantoin. New England Journal of Medicine. 1973;288(1):13–6. [PubMed: 4564720]
  176. Greenbaum DS, Stein GE. Psyllium and the irritable bowel syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981;95(5):660. [PubMed: 7294571]
  177. Greenbaum DS. Preliminary report on antidepressant treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: comments on comparison with anxiolytic therapy. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1984;20(4):622–8. [PubMed: 6149598]
  178. Greenbaum DS, Mayle JE, Vanegeren LE, Jerome JA, Mayor JW, Greenbaum RB, Matson RW, Stein GE, Dean HA, Halvorsen NA. Effects of desipramine on irritable bowel syndrome compared with atropine and placebo. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1987;32(3):257–66. [PubMed: 3545719]
  179. Grundfast MB, Komar MJ. Irritable bowel syndrome. [31 refs] Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2001;101(4 Suppl Pt 1):S1–S5. [PubMed: 11392210]
  180. Guthrie E. Brief psychotherapy with patients with refractory irritable bowel syndrome. British Journal of Psychotherapy. 1991;8(2):175–88. [PubMed: 8401959]
  181. Guthrie E, Barlow J, Fernandes L, Ratcliffe J, Read N, Thompson DG, Tomenson B, Creed F. North of England IBS Research Group. Changes in tolerance to rectal distension correlate with changes in psychological state in patients with severe irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2004;66(4):578–82. [PubMed: 15272106]
  182. Halpern GM, Prindiville T, Blankenburg M, Hsia T, Gershwin ME. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Lacteol Fort: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996;91(8):1579–85. [PubMed: 8759665]
  183. Halpert A, Dalton CB, Diamant NE, Toner BB, Hu Y, Morris CB, Bangdiwala SI, Whitehead WE, Drossman DA. Clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants in functional bowel disorders is not related to dosage. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;100(3):664–71. [PubMed: 15743366]
  184. Hamilton JW, Wagner J, Burdick BB, Bass P. Clinical evaluation of methylcellulose as a bulk laxative. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1988;33(8):993–8. [PubMed: 2839321]
  185. Hammer J, Talley NJ. Diagnostic criteria for the irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Medicine. 1999;107(5A):5S–11S. [PubMed: 10588167]
  186. Harewood GC, Murray JA. Diagnostic approach to a patient with suspected celiac disease: a cost analysis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001;46(11):2510–4. [PubMed: 11713962]
  187. Harewood GC, Harewood GC. Economic comparison of current endoscopic practices: Barrett’s surveillance vs. ulcerative colitis surveillance vs. biopsy for sprue vs. biopsy for microscopic colitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2004;49(11–12):1808–14. [PubMed: 15628708]
  188. Hebden JM, Gilchrist PJ, Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Spiller RC. Stool water content and colonic drug absorption: Contrasting effects of lactulose and codeine. Pharmaceutical Research. 1999;16(8):1254–9. [PubMed: 10468028]
  189. Hebden JM, Blackshaw E, D’Amato M, Perkins AC, Spiller RC. Abnormalities of GI transit in bloated irritable bowel syndrome: effect of bran on transit and symptoms. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;97(9):2315–20. [PubMed: 12358250]
  190. Heefner JD, Wilder RM, Wilson ID. Irritable colon and depression. Psychosomatics. 1978;19(9):540–7. [PubMed: 360266]
  191. Heitkemper MM, Jarrett ME, Levy RL, Cain KC, Burr RL, Feld A, Barney P, Weisman P. Self-management for women with irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2004;2(7):585–96. [PubMed: 15224283]
  192. Hennessy WB. A comparative study of two dicyclomine preparations in functional bowel disorders. Medical Journal of Australia. 1975;2(11):421–3. [PubMed: 1102879]
  193. Hershfield NB. Nongastrointestinal symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: an office-based clinical survey. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;19(4):231–4. [PubMed: 15861265]
  194. Hoey J. Irritable bowel syndrome: could it be celiac disease? Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2002;166(4):479–80. [PMC free article: PMC99362] [PubMed: 11873929]
  195. Holmes KM, Salter RH. Irritable bowel syndrome--a safe diagnosis? British Medical Journal Clinical Research Edition. 1982;285(6354):1533–4. [PMC free article: PMC1500549] [PubMed: 6814632]
  196. Hongisto S-M, Paajanen L, Saxelin M, Korpela R. A combination of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG improves bowel function in women with self-reported constipation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;60(3):319–24. [PubMed: 16251881]
  197. Hotz J, Plein K. [Effectiveness of plantago seed husks in comparison with wheat brain on stool frequency and manifestations of irritable colon syndrome with constipation] Medizinische Klinik (Munich). 1994;89(12):645–51. [PubMed: 7869999]
  198. Houghton LA, Heyman DJ, Whorwell PJ. Symptomatology, quality of life and economic features of irritable bowel syndrome - The effect of hypnotherapy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996;10(1):91–5. [PubMed: 8871448]
  199. Houghton LA, Rogers J, Whorwell PJ, Campbell FC, Williams NS, Goka J. Zamifenacin (UK-76, 654) a potent gut M3 selective muscarinic antagonist, reduces colonic motor activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997;11(3):561–8. [PubMed: 9218083]
  200. Hovdenak N. Loperamide treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology - Supplement. 1987;130:81–4. [PubMed: 3306904]
  201. Hu PJ. Consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2003;4(3):147–9.
  202. Hu PY. Comparing the efficacy of pinaverium bromide and combined with Deanxit for treatment of irritable bowel syndrom. Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001;10(2):163–4.
  203. Hubner WD, Moser EH. Charcoal tablets in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Advances in Therapy. 2002;19(5):245–52. [PubMed: 12539884]
  204. Hull C, Greco RS, Brooks DL. Alleviation of constipation in the elderly by dietary fiber supplementation. Journal of the American Geriatric Society. 1980;28:410–4. [PubMed: 6251128]
  205. Hunter JO, Tuffnell Q, Lee AJ. Controlled trial of oligofructose in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129(7 Suppl):1451S–3S. [PubMed: 10395619]
  206. Huys J, Van VPM. Treatment of chronic constipation. Double blind study with a combination of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate with dioxyanthraquinone and a placebo. Acta Therapeutica. 1975;1(1):67–74.
  207. Ilnyckyj A, Bernstein CN. Sexual abuse in irritable bowel syndrome: to ask or not to ask -- that is the question. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;16(11):801–5. [PubMed: 12464974]
  208. Imbimbo BP, Gardino L, Palmas F, Frascio M, Canepa G, Scarpignato C. Different effects of atropine and cimetropium bromide on gastric emptying of liquids and antroduodenal motor activity in man. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1990;37(2):242–6. [PubMed: 2341121]
  209. Inauen W, Halter F. Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerance of mebeverine slow release (200 mg) vs mebeverine tablets in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Drug Investigation. 1994;8(4):234–40.
  210. Jafri W, Yakoob J, Hussain S, Jafri N, Islam M. Phloroglucinol in irritable bowel syndrome. JPMA - Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2006;56(1):5–8. [PubMed: 16454126]
  211. Jain NK, Patel VP, Pitchumoni CS. Efficacy of activated charcoal in reducing intestinal gas: A double-blind clinical trial. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986;81(7):532–5. [PubMed: 3521259]
  212. Jalihal A, Kurian G. Ispaghula therapy in irritable bowel syndrome: improvement in overall well-being is related to reduction in bowel dissatisfaction. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1990;5(5):507–13. [PubMed: 2129822]
  213. Jones MP, Wessinger S, Crowell MD. Coping Strategies and Interpersonal Support in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2006;4(4):474–81. [PubMed: 16616353]
  214. Jones RH, Holtmann G, Rodrigo L, Ehsanullah RS, Crompton PM, Jacques LA, Mills JG. Alosetron relieves pain and improves bowel function compared with mebeverine in female nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome patients. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999;13(11):1419–27. [PubMed: 10571597]
  215. Jun D-W, Lee O-Y, Yoon H-J, Lee S-H, Lee H-L, Choi H-S, Yoon B-C, Lee M-H, Lee D-H, Cho SH. Food intolerance and skin prick test in treated and untreated irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;12(15):2382–7. [PMC free article: PMC4088074] [PubMed: 16688829]
  216. Kasich AM, Rafsky JC. Clinical evaluation of an anticholinergic in the irritable colon syndrome; a double blind study of tricyclamol. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1959;31(1):47–52. [PubMed: 13606113]
  217. Kaushik A, Pursnani ML, Kar P. Multicenter phase III clinical trial of otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;21(2):85–6. [PubMed: 11990341]
  218. Kienzle-Horn S, Vix J-M, Schuijt C, Peil H, Jordan CC, Kamm MA. Efficacy and safety of bisacodyl in the acute treatment of constipation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2006;23(10):1479–88. [PubMed: 16669963]
  219. Kim YJ, Ban DJ. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome, influence of lifestyle factors and bowel habits in Korean college students. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2005;42(3):247–54. [PubMed: 15708012]
  220. Kinnunen O, Salokannel J. Comparison of the effects of magnesium hydroxide and a bulk laxative on lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins A and E, and minerals in geriatric hospital patients in the treatment of constipation. Journal of International Medical Research. 1989;17(5):442–54. [PubMed: 2553511]
  221. Kinnunen O, Winblad I, Koistinen P, Salokannel J. Safety and efficacy of a bulk laxative containing senna versus lactulose in the treatment of chronic constipation in geriatric patients. Pharmacology. 1993;47(Suppl 1):253–5. [PubMed: 8234438]
  222. Kirwan WO, Smith AN, McConnell AA, Mitchell WD, Eastwood MA. Action of different bran preparations on colonic function. British Medical Journal. 1974;4(5938):187–9. [PMC free article: PMC1612418] [PubMed: 4422902]
  223. Kline R, Kline J, Di Palma JA, et al. Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Journal of Pediatrics. 2001;138:125–8. [PubMed: 11148527]
  224. Koebnick C, Wagner I, Leitzmann P, Stern U, Zunft HJ. Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;17(11):655–9. [PubMed: 14631461]
  225. Kumar A, Kumar N, Vij JC, Sarin SK, Anand BS. Optimum dosage of ispaghula husk in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: correlation of symptom relief with whole gut transit time and stool weight. Gut. 1987;28(2):150–5. [PMC free article: PMC1432983] [PubMed: 3030900]
  226. Lacy B, Rosemore J, Robertson D, Corbin D, Grau M, Crowell M. Physicians’ attitudes and practices in the evaluation and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;41(8):892–902. [PubMed: 16803687]
  227. Ladep NG, Obindo TJ, Audu MD, Okeke EN, Malu AO. Depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Jos, Nigeria. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;12(48):7844–7. [PMC free article: PMC4087553] [PubMed: 17203531]
  228. Lambert JP, Morrison V, Brunt PW, Mowat NAG, Eastwood MA, Dickerson JWT. Dietary fibre intake of irritable bowel patients prescribed a high fibre diet. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 1991;4(3):155–64.
  229. Langmead L, Chitnis M, Rampton DS. Use of complementary therapies by patients with IBD may indicate psychosocial distress. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2002;8(3):174–9. [PubMed: 11979137]
  230. Lawson MJ, Knight RE, Tran K, Walker G, Roberts-Thomson IC. Failure of enteric-coated peppermint oil in the irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind crossover study. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1988;3(3):235–8.
  231. Leahy A, Clayman C, Mason I, Lloyd G, Epstein O. Computerised biofeedback games: a new method for teaching stress management and its use in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1998;32(6):552–6. [PMC free article: PMC9662981] [PubMed: 9881312]
  232. Leahy A, Epstein O. Non-pharmacological treatments in the irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001;7(3):313–6. [PMC free article: PMC4688714] [PubMed: 11819782]
  233. Lederle FA, Busche DL, Mattox KM. Cost-effective treatment of constipation in the elderly: a randomized double-blind comparison of sorbitol and lactulose. Americal Journal of Medicine. 1990;89(5):597–601. [PubMed: 2122724]
  234. Lee SW, Kim IS, Song JH, LSJ Clinical trial of Polybutine (trimebutine maleate) in patients with irritable colon syndrome. Newcastle Medical Journal (Seoul). 1981;24:52–9.
  235. Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Leffler DA, Kelly CP. Update on the evaluation and diagnosis of celiac disease. Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 2006;6(3):191–6. [PubMed: 16670513]
  236. Leibbrand R, Hiller W. Cognitive behavior therapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders: Is group treatment effective? Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2003;15(4):242–8. [PubMed: 26983571]
  237. Leri O, Tubili S, De Rosa FG, Addessi MA, Scopelliti G, Lucenti W, De Luca D. Management of diarrhoeic type of irritable bowel syndrome with exclusion diet and disodium cromoglycate. Inflammopharmacology. 1997;5(2):153–8. [PubMed: 17694364]
  238. Levitt MD, Furne J, Olsson S. The relation of passage of gas an abdominal bloating to colonic gas production. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996;124(4):422–4. [PubMed: 8554251]
  239. Levy C, Charbonnier A, Cachin M. [Pinaverium bromide and functional colonic disease (double-blind study] Semaine Des Hôpitaux. Therapeutique. 1977;53(7–8):372–4. [PubMed: 339352]
  240. Li D, Barnes Y, Thompson RE, Cuffari C. Who should request a breath hydrogen test? A six-year feasibility, sensitivity of clinical suspicion and cost-effectiveness analysis. Journal of Applied Research. 2004;4(2):260–70.
  241. Lu CL, Chen CY, Chang FY, Chang SS, Kang LJ, Lu RH, Lee SD. Effect of a calcium channel blocker and antispasmodic in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000;15(8):925–30. [PubMed: 11022835]
  242. Lunardi C, Bambara LM, Biasi D, Cortina P, Peroli P, Nicolis F, Favari F, Pacor ML. Double-blind cross-over trial of oral sodium cromoglycate in patients with irritable bowel syndrome due to food intolerance. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 1991;21(5):569–72. [PubMed: 1742648]
  243. Lustyk MKB, Jarrett ME, Bennett JC, Heitkemper MM. Does a physically active lifestyle improve symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome? Gastroenterology Nursing. 2001;24(3):129–37. [PubMed: 11847862]
  244. Luttecke K. A three-part controlled study of trimebutine in the treatment of irritable colon syndrome. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1980;6(6):437–43. [PubMed: 6988171]
  245. Lynch PM, Zamble E. Stress management training for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A preliminary investigation. Clinical Biofeedback and Health. 1987;10(2):123–34.
  246. Ma J. Ear point pressing in treatment of constipation: clinical observation of 123 cases. International Journal of Clinical Acupuncture. 1999;10(1):69–72.
  247. MacLennan WJ, Pooler AFWM. A comparison of sodium picosulphate (“Laxoberal”) with standardised senna (“Senokot”) in geriatric patients. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1975;2(10):641–7. [PubMed: 4457275]
  248. Malinen E, Rinttila T, Kajander K, Matto J, Kassinen A, Krogius L, Saarela M, Korpela R, Palva A. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;100(2):373–82. [PubMed: 15667495]
  249. Manning AP, Heaton KW. Letter: Bran and the irritable bowel. Lancet. 1976;1(7959):588. [PubMed: 55860]
  250. Marlett JA, Li BU, Patrow CJ, Bass P. Comparative laxation of psyllium with and without senna in an ambulatory constipated population. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987;82(4):333–7. [PubMed: 3565338]
  251. Marzio L, Del Bianco R, Donne MD, Pieramico O, Cuccurullo F. Mouth-to-cecum transit time in patients affected by chronic constipation: effect of glucomannan. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989;84(8):888–91. [PubMed: 2547312]
  252. Masamune O, Miwa T, Fukutomi H, Matsuo Y, Nakashima M, Miyoshi A. Clinical early phase II study of calcium polycarbophil tablet on irritable bowel syndrome. Japanese Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998;26(Suppl 5):21–39.
  253. Masamune O, Fukutomi H, Matsuo Y, Miwa T, Daisuke S, Chiba M, Harasawa S, Sekiguchi T, Iwasaki A, Nakashima M, Miyoshi A. Clinical late phase II study of calcium polycarbophil tablet on irritable bowel syndrome - A optimal dose finding study by double-blind technique. Japanese Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998;26(Suppl 5):41–61.
  254. Masamune O, Miwa T, Fukutomi H, Matsuo Y, Sasaki D, Chiba M, Harasawa S, Sekiguchi T, Iwasaki A, Nakashima M, Miyoshi A. Clinical phase III comparative study of calcium polycarbophil tablet on irritable bowel syndrome - A double-blind study in comparison with torimebutine maleate. Japanese Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998;26(Suppl 5):63–92.
  255. Matek W, Fruhmorgen P, Riemann JF, Demling L. Treatment of chronic constipation with swelling substances, a prospective and randomized study. Fortschritte Der Medizin. 1982;100(1–2):16–9. [PubMed: 6276278]
  256. Matts SG. An assessment of dicyclomine hydrochloride (‘Merbentyl’) in the irritable colon syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1967;21(11):549–51. [PubMed: 4864731]
  257. Meadows LM, Lackner S, Belic M. Irritable bowel syndrome. An exploration of the patient perspective. Clinical Nursing Research. 1997;6(2):156–70. [PubMed: 9188288]
  258. Mearin F, Baro E, Roset M, Badia X, Zarate N, Perez I. Clinical patterns over time in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom instability and severity variability. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004;99(1):113–21. [PubMed: 14687152]
  259. Mearin F, Perez-Oliveras M, Perello A, Vinyet J, Ibanez A, Coderch J, Perona M. Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome after a Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak: one-year follow-up cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):98–104. [PubMed: 16012939]
  260. Mimura T, Nicholls T, Storrie JB, Kamm MA. Treatment of constipation in adults associated with idiopathic megarectum by behavioural retraining including biofeedback. Colorectal Disease. 2002;4(6):477–82. [PubMed: 12790924]
  261. Misra SP, Thorat VK, Sachdev GK, Anand BS. Long-term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a randomized controlled trial. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1989;73(270):931–9. [PubMed: 2697886]
  262. Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO, Farup PG. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome - Etiology, prevalence and consequences. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;60(5):667–72. [PubMed: 16391571]
  263. Mortensen PB, Andersen JR, Arffmann S, Krag E. Short-chain fatty acids and the irritable bowel syndrome: the effect of wheat bran. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987;22(2):185–92. [PubMed: 3033815]
  264. Moser EH, Hubner WD. Treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome with Eucarbon. Zeitschrift Fur Phytotherapie. 2003;24(1):15–21.
  265. Moshal MG, Herron M. A clinical trial of trimebutine (Mebutin) in spastic colon. Journal of International Medical Research. 1979;7(3):231–4. [PubMed: 456734]
  266. Muller-Lissner SA, Kaatz V, Brandt W, Keller J, Layer P. The perceived effect of various foods and bevereges on stool consistency. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;17(1):109–12. [PubMed: 15647650]
  267. Narducci F, Bassotti G, Granata MT, Pelli MA, Gaburri M, Palumbo R, Morelli A. Colonic motility and gastric emptying in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of pretreatment with octylonium bromide. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1986;31(3):241–6. [PubMed: 3948628]
  268. Nash P, Gould SR, Barnardo DE. Peppermint oil does not relieve the pain of irritable bowel syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1986;40(7):292–3. [PubMed: 3527248]
  269. Nel PK, Pretorius HG, Stuart AD. Irritable bowel syndrome and vocational stress: individual psychotherapy. Health SA Gesondheid. 2003;8(3):13–25.
  270. Neri M, Laterza F, Howell S, Di Gioacchino M, Festi D, Ballone E, Cuccurullo F, Talley NJ. Symptoms discriminate irritable bowel syndrome from organic gastrointestinal diseases and food allergy. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000;12(9):981–8. [PubMed: 11007133]
  271. Newcomer AD, Park HS, O’Brien PC, McGill DB. Response of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and lactase deficiency using unfermented acidophilus milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983;38(2):257–63. [PubMed: 6410897]
  272. O’Sullivan MA, O’Morain CA. Bacterial supplementation in the irritable bowel syndrome. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2000;32(4):294–301. [PubMed: 11515626]
  273. Odes HS, Madar Z. A double-blind trial of a celandin, aloevera and psyllium laxative preparation in adult patients with constipation. Digestion. 1991;49(2):65–71. [PubMed: 1800188]
  274. Odes HS, Lazovski H, Stern I, Madar Z. Double-blind trial of a high dietary fiber, mixed grain cereal in patients with chronic constipation and hyperlipidemia. Nutrition Research. 1993;13(9):979–85.
  275. Oettle GJ. Effect of moderate exercise on bowel habit. Gut. 1991;32(8):941–4. [PMC free article: PMC1378967] [PubMed: 1885077]
  276. Page JG, Dirnberger GM. Treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome with Bentyl (dicyclomine hydrochloride). Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1981;3(2):153–6. [PubMed: 7016973]
  277. Pallotta N, Rubinetto MP, Zaccaro C, Gizzi G, Villani V, Barbara L. Calcium polycarbophil in clinical practice. Treatment of constipation. Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica. 1993;39(4):175–8. [PubMed: 8161616]
  278. Palmer KR, Corbett CL, Holdsworth CD. Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1980;79(6):1272–5. [PubMed: 7002706]
  279. Palsson OS. Standardized hypnosis treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: The North Carolina protocol. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 2006;54(1):51–64. [PubMed: 16316883]
  280. Pardell H, Marcillas J, Celdran E. Double-blind parallel study of clebopride and hyoscine N-butylbromide in patients with irritable colon syndrome. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1982;31(1 Suppl):S74–S79.
  281. Passaretti S, Guslandi M, Imbimbo BP, Daniotti S, Tittobello A. Effects of cimetropium bromide on gastrointestinal transit time in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989;3(3):267–76. [PubMed: 2520622]
  282. Passmore AP, Davies KW, Flanagan PG, Stoker C, Scott MG. A comparison of Agiolax and lactulose in elderly patients with chronic constipation. Pharmacology. 1993;47(Suppl 1):249–52. [PubMed: 8234437]
  283. Passmore AP, Wilson-Davies K, Stoker C, Scott ME. Chronic constipation in long stay elderly patients: a comparison of lactulose and a senna-fibre combination. British Medical Journal. 1993;307(6907):769–71. [PMC free article: PMC1696423] [PubMed: 8219947]
  284. Passmore AP. Economic aspects of pharmacotherapy for chronic constipation. Pharmacoeconomics. 1995;7(1):14–24. (Abstract) [PubMed: 10155290]
  285. Patrick PG, Gohman SM, Marx SC, DeLegge MH, Greenberg NA. Effect of supplements of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on the occurrence of constipation and use of laxative agents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998;98(8):912–4. [PubMed: 9710664]
  286. Pavan L, Fava GA, Vallerini A, Farini R. Brief dynamic psychotherapy in patients with irritable colon: Preliminary data. Medicina Psicosomatica. 1982;27(2):119–25.
  287. Pei F, Lu YM. [Effect of pinaverium bromide in patients with non-constipation irritable bowel syndrome] Chinese Journal of Digestion. 1999;19(3):204–5.
  288. Phillips-Moore J. Psychoneuroimmunological background to a controlled trial of hypnotherapy as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis. 2002;23(2):101–13.
  289. Piai G, Mazzacca G. Prifinium bromide in the treatment of the irritable colon syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1979;77(3):500–2. [PubMed: 37142]
  290. Piai G, Visconti M, Minieri M. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A double-blind crossover trial of cimetropium bromide (alginor) v. prifinium bromide. Clinical Trials Journal. 1986;23(1):6–10.
  291. Piai G, Visconti M, Imbimbo BP. Long-term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with cimetropium bromide, a new antimuscarinic compound. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1987;41(6):967–77.
  292. Piai G, Visconti M, D’Angelo V, Sauro A, Sparano R, Mazzacca G. Glucomannan in treatment of irritable colon. Results of a controlled clinical trial. Quaderni Di Medicina e Chirurgia. 1987;3(1):83–6.
  293. Piccinini G, Feliciani M, Mazzetti M, Capelli S, Esposti PD, Castelli E, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. A potential diagnostic role of a disodium chromoglycate course in irritable bowel syndrome. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 1990;3(2):107–12.
  294. Pimentel M, Wallace D, Hallegua D, Chow E, Kong Y, Park S, Lin HC. A link between irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia may be related to findings on lactulose breath testing. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004;63(4):450–2. [PMC free article: PMC1754959] [PubMed: 15020342]
  295. Prior A, Colgan SM, Whorwell PJ. Changes in rectal sensitivity after hypnotherapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1990;31(8):896–8. [PMC free article: PMC1378618] [PubMed: 2387513]
  296. Prout BJ. The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Two doses of mebeverine compared. Practitioner. 1983;227(1384):1607–8. [PubMed: 6356119]
  297. Pulpeiro A, Marti ML, Los Santos AR, Di Girolamo G. Propinox in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Prensa Medica Argentina. 2000;87(3):299–307.
  298. Qvitzau S, Matzen P, Madsen P. Treatment of chronic diarrhoea: loperamide versus ispaghula husk and calcium. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988;23(10):1237–40. [PubMed: 3074458]
  299. Radnitz CL, Blanchard EB. A 1- and 2- year follow-up study of bowel sound biofeedback as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Biofeedback and Self Regulation. 1989;14(4):333–8. [PubMed: 2631973]
  300. Radnitz CL, Blanchard EB. Bowel sound biofeedback as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Biofeedback and Self Regulation. 1988;13(2):169–79. [PubMed: 3207766]
  301. Ragnarsson G, Bodemar G. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with loperamide oxide. An open study to determine optimal dosage. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2000;248(2):165–6. [PubMed: 10947896]
  302. Rantis PC. Chronic constipation - is the work-up worth the cost? Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1997;40:280–286. (Abstract) [PubMed: 9118741]
  303. Rao SSC. Constipation: Evaluation and treatment. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2003;32(2):659–83. [PubMed: 12858610]
  304. Rees GA, Davies GJ, Parker M, Trevan M. Gastrointestinal symptoms and diet of members of an irritable bowel self-help group. Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 1994;114(4):182–7. [PubMed: 7932495]
  305. Rees WD, Evans BK, Rhodes J. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil. British Medical Journal. 1979;2(6194):835–6. [PMC free article: PMC1596628] [PubMed: 389344]
  306. Reichard H, Dahl A, Hermansson T, Lindell O, Lindstedt R, Modin S, Olsson J-E. A comparison between Testa Triticum Tricum and Isphagula in constipation. A randomized double blind study. Opuscula Medica. 1990;35(4):121–4.
  307. Rhodes JB, Abrams JH, Manning RT. Controlled clinical trial of sedative-anticholinergic drugs in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978;18(7):340–5. [PubMed: 353089]
  308. Ritchie JA, Truelove SC. Comparison of various treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. British Medical Journal. 1980;281(6251):1317–9. [PMC free article: PMC1714728] [PubMed: 6254602]
  309. Robinson A, Lee V, Kennedy A, Middleton L, Rogers A, Thompson DG, Reeves D. A randomised controlled trial of self-help interventions in patients with a primary care diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2006;55(5):643–8. [PMC free article: PMC1856107] [PubMed: 16099784]
  310. Rohrbock RB, Hammer J, Vogelsang H, Talley NJ, Hammer HF. Acupuncture has a placebo effect on rectal perception but not on distensibility and spatial summation: a study in health and IBS. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004;99(10):1990–7. [PubMed: 15447762]
  311. Ross CA. Childhood sexual abuse and psychosomatic symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2005;14(1):27–38. [PubMed: 15914403]
  312. Ruigomez A, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Garcia Rodriguez LA. One-year follow-up of newly diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome patients. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999;13(8):1097–102. [PubMed: 10468687]
  313. Rutter CL, Rutter DR. Illness representation, coping and outcome in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). British Journal of Health Psychology. 2002;7(4):377–91. [PubMed: 12614492]
  314. Salandre D, Mignon M. Double-blind comparison between fenoverine and mebeverine in functional intestinal disorders. Gazette Medicale. 1989;96(13):62–7.
  315. Sanders DS. Celiac disease and IBS-type symptoms: The relationship exists in both directions. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;98(3):707–8. [PubMed: 12650822]
  316. Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Key TJ. Nutrition and lifestyle in relation to bowel movement frequency: A cross-sectional study of 20 630 men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutrition. 2004;7(1):77–83. [PubMed: 14972075]
  317. Sasaki T, Takekoshi T, Okada T. Results of prifinium bromide therapy in irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Therapeutics. 1985;7(4):512–21. [PubMed: 2861900]
  318. Schaffstein W, Panijel M, Luttecke K. Comparative safety and efficacy of trimebutine versus mebeverine in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. A multicenter double-blind study. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1990;47(1):136–45.
  319. Schang JC, Devroede G, Pilote M. Effects of trimebutine on colonic function in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation: Evidence for the need of a physiologic rather than clinical selection. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1993;(4):330–6. [PubMed: 8458257]
  320. Schmidt M, Floch MH. Food hypersensitivity and the irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992;87(1):18–9. [PubMed: 1728118]
  321. Schwarz SP. Behavioral treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A 1-year follow-up study. Biofeedback and Self Regulation. 1986;11(3):189–98. [PubMed: 3300787]
  322. Sculati O, Giampiccoli G. Clinical trial of a new preparation with a high concentration of dietary fiber (fibraform). Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1984;36(2):261–6.
  323. Sen S, Mullan MM, Parker TJ, Woolner JT, Tarry SA, Hunter JO. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on colonic fermentation and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002;47(11):2615–20. [PubMed: 12452404]
  324. Shafik A, Shafik AA, Ahmed I, el Sibai O. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with colonic pacing: evaluation of pacing parameters required for correction of the “tachyarrhythmia” of the IBS. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2004;51(60):1708–12. [PubMed: 15532810]
  325. Shamir R, Hernell O, Leshno M. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Screening for Celiac Disease in the Adult. Medical Decision Making. 2006;26:282–93. [PubMed: 16751327]
  326. Sharara AI, Aoun E, Abdul-Baki H, Mounzer R, Sidani S, Elhajj I. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of rifaximin in patients with abdominal bloating and flatulence. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;101(2):326–33. [PubMed: 16454838]
  327. Shaw G, Srivastava ED, Sadlier M, Swann P, James JY, Rhodes J. Stress management for irritable bowel syndrome: A controlled trial. Digestion. 1991;50(1):36–42. [PubMed: 1804731]
  328. Shi XM. Clinical observations on 50 cases of obstipation treated with acupuncture. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1982;2(2):162. [PubMed: 6765705]
  329. Smart HL, Mayberry JF, Atkinson M. Alternative medicine consultations and remedies in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1986;27(7):826–8. [PMC free article: PMC1433575] [PubMed: 3755416]
  330. Snook J, Shepherd HA. Brain supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994;8(5):511–4. [PubMed: 7865643]
  331. Sobhani I, Sansarricq M, Flourie B, Allain D, Angeli P, Berger P, Bolo A, Bourven A, Chelly M, Cohen A, Delbecq D, Dupont F, Halmenschlager JM, Hoze M, Jacquety E, Kichelewski S, Lacoste J-P, Larget D, Le R. Laxative effect and tolerance of lactulose: One versus two intakes in patients with chronic constipation. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique. 1996;20(4):362–6. [PubMed: 8758503]
  332. Somerville KW, Richmond CR, Bell GD. Delayed release peppermint oil capsules (Colpermin) for the spastic colon syndrome: A pharmacokinetic study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984;18(4):638–40. [PMC free article: PMC1463599] [PubMed: 6487507]
  333. Sperber AD. The irritable bowel syndrome and its association with unexplained medical symptoms and other functional disorders. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2006;13(5):292–302.
  334. Spiller GA, Shipley EA, Chernoff MC, Cooper WC. Bulk laxative efficacy of a psyllium seed hydrocolloid and of a mixture of cellulose and pectin. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979;19(5–6):313–20. [PubMed: 469025]
  335. Stefanini GF, Saggioro A, Alvisi V, Angelini G, Capurso L, di Lorenzo G, Dobrilla G, Dodero M, Galimberti M, Gasbarrini G. Oral cromolyn sodium in comparison with elimination diet in the irritable bowel syndrome, diarrheic type. Multicenter study of 428 patients. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995;30(6):535–41. [PubMed: 7569760]
  336. Stenner PH, Dancey CP, Watts S. The understanding of their illness amongst people with irritable bowel syndrome: a Q methodological study. Social Science and Medicine. 2000;51(3):439–52. [PubMed: 10855930]
  337. Stern FH. Constipation--an omnipresent symptom: effect of a preparation containing prune concentrate and cascarin. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1966;14(11):1153–5. [PubMed: 5921514]
  338. Stoltz R, Weiss LM, Merkin DH, Cleveland M, Pelham RW. An efficacy and consumer preference study of polyethylene glycol 3350 for the treatment of constipation in regular laxative users. Home Health Care Consultant. 2001;8(2):21–6.
  339. Suh D-C, Kahler KH, Choi I-S, Shin H, Kralstein J, Shetzline M. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome or constipation have an increased risk for ischaemic colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;25(6):681–92. [PubMed: 17311601]
  340. Svendsen JH, Munck LK, Andersen JR. Irritable bowel syndrome--prognosis and diagnostic safety. A 5-year follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1985;20(4):415–8. [PubMed: 4023607]
  341. Tack J, Broekaert D, Fischler B, Oudenhove LV, Gevers AM, Janssens J. A controlled crossover study of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2006;55(8):1095–103. [PMC free article: PMC1856276] [PubMed: 16401691]
  342. Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ III. Onset and disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;136(2):165–77. [PubMed: 1415139]
  343. Talley NJ, Owen BK, Boyce P, Paterson K. Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a critique of controlled treatment trials. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996;91(2):277–83. [PubMed: 8607493]
  344. Talley NJ. Establishing irritable bowel syndrome as a clinical diagnosis. Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2003;3(SUPPL 3):S1–S2. [PubMed: 14502113]
  345. Tanum L, Malt UF. Personality traits predict treatment outcome with an antidepressant in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorder. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000;35(9):935–41. [PubMed: 11063152]
  346. Tarquini M, Sannino L, Bazuro G. The irritable bowel syndrome: therapeutic effect of octilonium bromide alone and combined with a benzodiazepine. A double-blind study. Clinica Terapeutica. 1984;109(6):525–31. [PubMed: 6236943]
  347. Tasman-Jones C. Mebeverine in patients with the irritable colon syndrome: double blind study. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1973;77(491):232–5. [PubMed: 4581721]
  348. Taylor EE, Read NW, Hills HM. Combined group cognitive-behaviour therapy and hypnotherapy in the management of the irritable bowel syndrome: The feasibility of clinical provision. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2004;32(1):99–106.
  349. Thomas SG. Irritable bowel syndrome and mirtazapine. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157(8):1341–2. [PubMed: 10910804]
  350. Thompson WG. Do colonic diverticula cause symptoms? American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986;81(7):613–4. [PubMed: 3717130]
  351. Thompson WG, Heaton KW, Smyth GT, Smyth C. Irritable bowel syndrome: the view from general practice. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1997;9(7):689–92. [PubMed: 9262978]
  352. Tijtgat GN, Meuwissen SG, Huibregtse K. Loperamide in the symptomatic control of chronic diarrhoea. Double-blind placebo-controlled study. Annals of Clinical Research. 1975;7(5):325–30. [PubMed: 1108754]
  353. Tillisch K, Mayer EA. Pain perception in irritable bowel syndrome. CNS Spectrums. 2005;10(11):877–82. [PubMed: 16273016]
  354. Tolliver BA, Jackson MS, Jackson KL, Barnett ED, Chastang JF, Dipalma JA. Does lactose maldigestion really play a role in the irritable bowel? Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996;23(1):15–7. [PubMed: 8835892]
  355. Tomas-Ridocci M, Anon R, Minguez M, Zaragoza A, Ballester J, Benages A. [The efficacy of Plantago ovata as a regulator of intestinal transit. A double-blind study compared to placebo] Revista Espanola De Enfermedades Digestivas. 1992;82(1):17–22. [PubMed: 1520545]
  356. Tomlin J, Read NW. Laxative properties of indigestible plastic particles. British Medical Journal. 1988;297(6657):1175–6. [PMC free article: PMC1834981] [PubMed: 2849492]
  357. Toner BB. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. CNS Spectrums. 2005;10(11):883–90. [PubMed: 16273018]
  358. Toskes PP, Connery KL, Ritchey TW. Calcium polycarbophil compared with placebo in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1993;7(1):87–92. [PubMed: 8439642]
  359. Treacher DF, Chapman JR, Nolan DJ, Jewell DP. Irritable bowel syndrome: is a barium enema necessary? Clinical Radiology. 1986;37(1):87–8. [PubMed: 3956099]
  360. Trotman IF, Price CC. Bloated irritable bowel syndrome defined by dynamic 99mTc bran scan. Lancet. 1986;2(8503):364–6. [PubMed: 2874368]
  361. Tsuneoka K, Miyoshi A, Kawakami K, Sekiguchi T, Nakazawa S, Takeshi MIWA. Clinical evaluation of TM-906(trimebutine maleate) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Multi-center double-blind study in comparison with mepenzolate bromide. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation). 1987;15(2):307–34.
  362. Turconi G, Bazzano R, Caramella R, Lanzola E. The effects of high-fibre cereal-based breakfast meals on daily dietary intakes and bowel function. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995;49(Suppl 3):S312–S316. [PubMed: 8549556]
  363. Turner SM. Process variables in small-group cognitive therapy for the irritable bowel syndrome. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 1998;58(8-B):4476.
  364. Vahedi H, Merat S, Rashidioon A, Ghoddoosi A, Malekzadeh R. The effect of fluoxetine in patients with pain and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind randomized-controlled study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;22(5):381–5. [PubMed: 16128675]
  365. van der Horst HE, van Dulmen AM, Schellevis FG, van Eijk JT, Fennis JF, Bleijenberg G. Do patients with irritable bowel syndrome in primary care really differ from outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome? Gut. 1997;41(5):669–74. [PMC free article: PMC1891570] [PubMed: 9414976]
  366. van Dulmen AM, Fennis JF, Bleijenberg G. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for irritable bowel syndrome: effects and long-term follow-up. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1996;58(5):508–14. [PubMed: 8902902]
  367. van Nieuwenhoven MA, Vriens BEPJ, Brummer R-J, Brouns F. Effect of dehydration on gastrointestinal function at rest and during exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000;83(6):578–84. [PubMed: 11192068]
  368. Van Outryve M, Mayeur S, Meeus MA, Rosillon D, Hendrickx B, Ceuppens M. A double-blind crossover comparison study of the safety and efficacy of mebeverine with mebeverine sustained release in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1995;20(5):277–82. [PubMed: 8576295]
  369. Van Rensburg CJ, Van Eeden PJ, Marks IN, Zak J, Simjee AE, Moola SAH, Spies SK, Buchel E, De Klerk GH, Van Zyl JH, Mekel R. Improved duodenal ulcer healing with pantoprazole compared with ranitidine: A multicentre study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1994;6(8):739–43.
  370. Vandvik PO, Aabakken L, Farup PG. Diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome: poor agreement between general practitioners and the Rome II criteria. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004;39(5):448–53. [PubMed: 15180182]
  371. Verhaegen H, De Cree J, Schuermans V. Loperamide (R 18 553), a novel type of antidiarrheal agent. Part 7: Clinical investigation. Efficacy and safety of loperamide in patients with severe chronic diarrhea. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1974;24(10):1657–60. [PubMed: 4611433]
  372. Verheyen K, Vervaeke M, Demyttenaere P, Van Mierlo FJ. Double-blind comparison of two cisapride dosage regimens with placebo in the treatment of functional constipation. A general-practice multicenter study. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 1987;41(6):978–85.
  373. Vernia P, Latella G, Magliocca FM, Mancuso G, Caprilli R. Seeking clues for a positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987;17(3):189–93. [PubMed: 3113963]
  374. Vernia P, Marinaro V, Argnani F, Di Camillo M, Caprilli R. Self-reported milk intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome: what should we believe? Clinical Nutrition. 2004;23(5):996–1000. [PubMed: 15380888]
  375. Vidakovic-Vukic M. Hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: methods and results in Amsterdam. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology - Supplement. 1999;230:49–51. [PubMed: 10499462]
  376. Vogler BK, Ernst E. Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. British Journal of General Practice. 1999;49(447):823–8. [PMC free article: PMC1313538] [PubMed: 10885091]
  377. Wahnschaffe U, Ullrich R, Riecken EO, Schulzke JD. Celiac disease-like abnormalities in a subgroup of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(6):1329–38. [PubMed: 11729112]
  378. Walker AF, Middleton RW, Petrowicz O. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15(1):58–61. [PubMed: 11180525]
  379. Walker EA, Gelfand AN, Gelfand MD, Katon WJ. Psychiatric diagnoses, sexual and physical victimization, and disability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. Psychological Medicine. 1995;25(6):1259–67. [PubMed: 8637955]
  380. Walter SA, Ragnarsson G, Bodemar G. New criteria for irritable bowel syndrome based on prospective symptom evaluation. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;100(11):2598–9. [PubMed: 16279922]
  381. Wang H-J, Liang X-M, Yu Z-L, Zhou L-Y, Lin S-R, Geraint M. A randomised, controlled comparison of low-dose polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes with ispaghula husk in the treatment of adults with chronic functional constipation. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2004;24(10):569–76. [PubMed: 17523718]
  382. Watson AR, Bowling TE. Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis and symptom management. British Journal of Community Nursing. 2005;10(3):118–22. [PubMed: 15824698]
  383. Whorwell PJ. Hypnotherapy in the irritable bowel syndrome. Stress Medicine. 1987;3(1):5–7.
  384. Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Colgan SM. Hypnotherapy in severe irritable bowel syndrome: further experience. Gut. 1987;28(4):423–5. [PMC free article: PMC1432815] [PubMed: 3583070]
  385. Wilson S, Roberts L, Roalfe A, Bridge P, Singh S. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: A community survey. British Journal of General Practice. 2004;54(504):495–502. [PMC free article: PMC1324800] [PubMed: 15239910]
  386. Wise TN. The efficacy of group therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatics. 1982;23(5):465–9. [PubMed: 7111644]
  387. Wise TN. Group therapy for the irritable bowel syndrome: Themes and process. Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation. 1982;4(6):511–5.
  388. Wisten A, Messner T. Fruit and fibre (Pajala porridge) in the prevention of constipation. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2005;19(1):71–6. [PubMed: 15737169]
  389. Xiao SD, Zhang DZ, Lu H, Jiang SH, Liu HY, Wang GS, Xu GM, Zhang ZB, Lin GJ, Wang GL. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in patients with chronic diarrhea. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2002;3(4):167–71.
  390. Xiao SD, Zhang dZ, Lu H, Jiang SH, Liu HY, Wang GS, Xu GM, Zhang ZB, Lin GJ, Wang GL. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in patients with chronic diarrhea. Advances in Therapy. 2003;20(5):253–60. [PubMed: 14964345]
  391. Yadav SK, Jain AK, Tripathi SN, Gupta JP. Irritable bowel syndrome: therapeutic evaluation of indigenous drugs. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1989;90:496–503. [PubMed: 2697693]
  392. Yagil Y, Goldenberg I, Arnon R, Ezra V, Ashkenazi I, Yagil Y, Goldenberg I, Arnon R, Ezra V, Ashkenazi I. Serologic testing for celiac disease in young adults--a cost-effect analysis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2005;50(4):796–805. [PubMed: 15844721]
  393. Yawn BP, Lydick E, Locke GR, Wollan PC, Bertram SL, Kurland MJ. Do published guidelines for evaluation of irritable bowel syndrome reflect practice? BMC Gastroenterology. 2001;1:11. [PMC free article: PMC59674] [PubMed: 11701092]
  394. Yawn BP, Locke GR III, Lydick E, Wollan PC, Bertram SL, Kurland MJ. Diagnosis and care of irritable bowel syndrome in a community-based population. American Journal of Managed Care. 2001;7(6):585–92. [PubMed: 11439732]
  395. Zhang HB, Han GH, Zhou XM, Guo XG, Wang BL, Wu KC, Ding J, Fan DM, Shi Y, Zhang SQ. Effects of treatments with otilonium bromide, collodal bismuth tartrate and compound diphenoxylate in the irritable bowel syndrome: A double-blind random controlled study. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002;18(5):328–32.
  396. Zhang XJ. Comparative study into the efficacy of loperamide and/or smecta for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000;16(1):25–6.
  397. Zhou HQ, Li DG, Song GH, Liu QH, Xu XX, Liu HM. Effect of paroxetine hydrochloride and pinaverium bromide therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002;6(23):3576–7.
  398. Zhu Z, Li H, Chen L, Wang G, Kan C. Acupuncture treatment of habitual constipation. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2003;23(2):133. [PubMed: 12875080]
Copyright © 2008, Royal College of Nursing.
Bookshelf ID: NBK51949

Views

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...