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PROK2 prokineticin 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 60675, updated on 2-Nov-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
PROK2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
prokineticin 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:18455
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000163421 MIM:607002; AllianceGenome:HGNC:18455
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
BV8; HH4; PK2; KAL4; MIT1
Summary
This gene encodes a protein expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian clock that may function as the output component of the circadian clock. The secreted form of the encoded protein may also serve as a chemoattractant for neuronal precursor cells in the olfactory bulb. Proteins from other vertebrates which are similar to this gene product were isolated based on homology to snake venom and secretions from frog skin, and have been shown to have diverse functions. Mutations in this gene are associated with Kallmann syndrome 4. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 18.5), appendix (RPKM 9.5) and 4 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

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See PROK2 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
3p13
Exon count:
4
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 3 NC_000003.12 (71771655..71785148, complement)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 3 NC_060927.1 (71810890..71824379, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 3 NC_000003.11 (71820806..71834299, complement)

Chromosome 3 - NC_000003.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105377155 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71694238-71694747 Neighboring gene eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 3 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71752927-71753508 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 20064 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14521 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14522 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 3624 Neighboring gene G protein-coupled receptor 27 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105377156 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71864572-71865144 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71865145-71865717 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71866364-71867052 Neighboring gene RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 271, pseudogene

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism. Magnan C, et al. Biochimie, 2021 Jul. PMID 33932486
  2. Biallelic mutations in the prokineticin-2 gene in two sporadic cases of Kallmann syndrome. Leroy C, et al. Eur J Hum Genet, 2008 Jul. PMID 18285834
  3. Prokineticin 2/Bv8 is expressed in Kupffer cells in liver and is down regulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Monnier J, et al. World J Gastroenterol, 2008 Feb 28. PMID 18300343, Free PMC Article
  4. A Prokineticin-Driven Epigenetic Switch Regulates Human Epicardial Cell Stemness and Fate. Qureshi R, et al. Stem Cells, 2018 Oct. PMID 29873146
  5. Prokineticin-2 is associated with metabolic syndrome in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. Wang Y, et al. Lipids Health Dis, 2016 Jan 5. PMID 26728949, Free PMC Article

See all (66) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Bv8 mediates myeloid cell migration and enhances malignancy of colorectal cancer.
    Title: Bv8 mediates myeloid cell migration and enhances malignancy of colorectal cancer.
  2. Substance P and Prokineticin-2 are overexpressed in olfactory neurons and play differential roles in persons with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
    Title: Substance P and Prokineticin-2 are overexpressed in olfactory neurons and play differential roles in persons with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
  3. Activation of amygdala prokineticin receptor 2 neurons drives the anorexigenic activity of the neuropeptide PK2.
    Title: Activation of amygdala prokineticin receptor 2 neurons drives the anorexigenic activity of the neuropeptide PK2.
  4. Olfactory Neuron Prokineticin-2 as a Potential Target in Parkinson's Disease.
    Title: Olfactory Neuron Prokineticin-2 as a Potential Target in Parkinson's Disease.
  5. PROK2, HRNR, and FIG4 as potential genetic biomarkers of high bleeding propensity in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome using ticagrelor.
    Title: PROK2, HRNR, and FIG4 as potential genetic biomarkers of high bleeding propensity in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome using ticagrelor.
  6. Prokineticin 2 in cancer-related inflammation.
    Title: Prokineticin 2 in cancer-related inflammation.
  7. Differential inflammation-mediated function of prokineticin 2 in the synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with osteoarthritis.
    Title: Differential inflammation-mediated function of prokineticin 2 in the synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with osteoarthritis.
  8. The novel function of miR-3195 for mutant PROK2 (c.223-4C>A) degradation.
    Title: The novel function of miR-3195 for mutant PROK2 (c.223-4C>A) degradation.
  9. Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism.
    Title: Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism.
  10. Prokineticin-2 prevents neuronal cell deaths in a model of traumatic brain injury.
    Title: Prokineticin-2 prevents neuronal cell deaths in a model of traumatic brain injury.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (48)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Vif vif HIV-1 Vif upregulates the expression of prokineticin 2 (PROK2) in Vif-expression T cells PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables G protein-coupled receptor binding TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in angiogenesis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in chemotaxis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in circadian rhythm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in endothelial cell proliferation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in endothelial cell proliferation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in inflammatory response NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in sensory perception of pain TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in spermatogenesis IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in extracellular region TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
prokineticin-2
Names
protein Bv8 homolog

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_008275.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5059..18552
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001126128.2 → NP_001119600.1  prokineticin-2 isoform a precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001119600.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longer isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC096970, BC098162
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS46868.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q53Z79, Q6ISR0, Q9HC23
    Related
    ENSP00000295619.3, ENST00000295619.4
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam06607
    Location:23 → 126
    Prokineticin; Prokineticin

  2. NM_021935.4 → NP_068754.1  prokineticin-2 isoform b precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_068754.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon, compared to variant 1, resulting in a shorter protein (isoform b), compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC096970, BC069395
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS2916.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q9HC23
    Related
    ENSP00000295618.3, ENST00000353065.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam06607
    Location:23 → 105
    Prokineticin

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000003.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    71771655..71785148 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060927.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    71810890..71824379 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q9HC23.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9HC23

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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