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    PROK2 prokineticin 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 60675, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    PROK2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    prokineticin 2provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:18455
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000163421 MIM:607002; AllianceGenome:HGNC:18455
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    BV8; HH4; PK2; KAL4; MIT1
    Summary
    This gene encodes a protein expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian clock that may function as the output component of the circadian clock. The secreted form of the encoded protein may also serve as a chemoattractant for neuronal precursor cells in the olfactory bulb. Proteins from other vertebrates which are similar to this gene product were isolated based on homology to snake venom and secretions from frog skin, and have been shown to have diverse functions. Mutations in this gene are associated with Kallmann syndrome 4. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
    Expression
    Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 18.5), appendix (RPKM 9.5) and 4 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    See PROK2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    3p13
    Exon count:
    4
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 3 NC_000003.12 (71771655..71785148, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 3 NC_060927.1 (71810890..71824379, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 3 NC_000003.11 (71820806..71834299, complement)

    Chromosome 3 - NC_000003.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105377155 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71694238-71694747 Neighboring gene eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 3 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71752927-71753508 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 20064 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14521 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14522 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 3624 Neighboring gene G protein-coupled receptor 27 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105377156 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71864572-71865144 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71865145-71865717 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:71866364-71867052 Neighboring gene RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 271, pseudogene

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism. Magnan C, et al. Biochimie, 2021 Jul. PMID 33932486
    2. Biallelic mutations in the prokineticin-2 gene in two sporadic cases of Kallmann syndrome. Leroy C, et al. Eur J Hum Genet, 2008 Jul. PMID 18285834
    3. Prokineticin 2/Bv8 is expressed in Kupffer cells in liver and is down regulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Monnier J, et al. World J Gastroenterol, 2008 Feb 28. PMID 18300343, Free PMC Article
    4. A Prokineticin-Driven Epigenetic Switch Regulates Human Epicardial Cell Stemness and Fate. Qureshi R, et al. Stem Cells, 2018 Oct. PMID 29873146
    5. Prokineticin-2 is associated with metabolic syndrome in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. Wang Y, et al. Lipids Health Dis, 2016 Jan 5. PMID 26728949, Free PMC Article

    See all (66) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Bv8 mediates myeloid cell migration and enhances malignancy of colorectal cancer.
      Title: Bv8 mediates myeloid cell migration and enhances malignancy of colorectal cancer.
    2. Substance P and Prokineticin-2 are overexpressed in olfactory neurons and play differential roles in persons with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
      Title: Substance P and Prokineticin-2 are overexpressed in olfactory neurons and play differential roles in persons with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
    3. Activation of amygdala prokineticin receptor 2 neurons drives the anorexigenic activity of the neuropeptide PK2.
      Title: Activation of amygdala prokineticin receptor 2 neurons drives the anorexigenic activity of the neuropeptide PK2.
    4. Olfactory Neuron Prokineticin-2 as a Potential Target in Parkinson's Disease.
      Title: Olfactory Neuron Prokineticin-2 as a Potential Target in Parkinson's Disease.
    5. PROK2, HRNR, and FIG4 as potential genetic biomarkers of high bleeding propensity in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome using ticagrelor.
      Title: PROK2, HRNR, and FIG4 as potential genetic biomarkers of high bleeding propensity in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome using ticagrelor.
    6. Prokineticin 2 in cancer-related inflammation.
      Title: Prokineticin 2 in cancer-related inflammation.
    7. Differential inflammation-mediated function of prokineticin 2 in the synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with osteoarthritis.
      Title: Differential inflammation-mediated function of prokineticin 2 in the synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with osteoarthritis.
    8. The novel function of miR-3195 for mutant PROK2 (c.223-4C>A) degradation.
      Title: The novel function of miR-3195 for mutant PROK2 (c.223-4C>A) degradation.
    9. Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism.
      Title: Pleiotropic effects of prokineticin 2 in the control of energy metabolism.
    10. Prokineticin-2 prevents neuronal cell deaths in a model of traumatic brain injury.
      Title: Prokineticin-2 prevents neuronal cell deaths in a model of traumatic brain injury.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (48)

    Phenotypes

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    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Associated conditions

    Description Tests
    Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmia
    MedGen: C3552343 OMIM: 610628 GeneReviews: Isolated Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Deficiency
    		not available

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    HIV-1 interactions

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    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Vif vif HIV-1 Vif upregulates the expression of prokineticin 2 (PROK2) in Vif-expression T cells PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables G protein-coupled receptor binding TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in angiogenesis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in chemotaxis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in circadian rhythm IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in endothelial cell proliferation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in endothelial cell proliferation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in inflammatory response NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in sensory perception of pain TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in spermatogenesis IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in extracellular region TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    prokineticin-2
    Names
    protein Bv8 homolog

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_008275.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5059..18552
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001126128.2 → NP_001119600.1  prokineticin-2 isoform a precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001119600.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longer isoform (a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC096970, BC098162
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS46868.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q53Z79, Q6ISR0, Q9HC23
      Related
      ENSP00000295619.3, ENST00000295619.4
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam06607
      Location:23 → 126
      Prokineticin; Prokineticin

    2. NM_021935.4 → NP_068754.1  prokineticin-2 isoform b precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_068754.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon, compared to variant 1, resulting in a shorter protein (isoform b), compared to isoform a.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC096970, BC069395
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS2916.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q9HC23
      Related
      ENSP00000295618.3, ENST00000353065.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam06607
      Location:23 → 105
      Prokineticin

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000003.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      71771655..71785148 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060927.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      71810890..71824379 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9HC23.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9HC23

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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