Senescent cells affect many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While select genetic and epigenetic elements for senescence induction have been identified, the dynamics, epigenetic mechanisms and regulatory networks defining senescence competence, induction and maintenance remain poorly understood, precluding the deliberate therapeutic targeting of senescence for health benefits. Here, we examined the possibility that the epigenetic state of enhancers determines senescent cell fate. We explored this by generating time-resolved transcriptomes and epigenome profiles during oncogenic RAS-induced senescence and validating central findings in different cell biology and disease models of senescence. Through integrative analysis and functional validation, we reveal links between enhancer chromatin, transcription factor recruitment and senescence competence. We demonstrate that activator protein 1 (AP-1) 'pioneers' the senescence enhancer landscape and defines the organizational principles of the transcription factor network that drives the transcriptional programme of senescent cells. Together, our findings enabled us to manipulate the senescence phenotype with potential therapeutic implications.
Overall design
We performed time-series experiments on ER:RASv12-transduced WI38 fibroblasts treated with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) for 144 hours to induce OIS. Small interfering RNAs (20 µM) targeting JUN, ETS1, and RELA as well as non-targeting controls were transfected into WI-38-ER:RASv12 either before the OIS induction (T0), or 72 h or 144 h after induction.
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