Diagnosis; Mutation Confirmation; Risk Assessment; Screening

Individuals with clinical features of galactosemia and/or reduced GALT enzyme activity

Is research allowed on the sample after clinical testing is complete? Help
Research testing is only performed under IRB approved protocol with an opt-out policy in place.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and/or Sanger sequencing is performed to test for the presence of variants in coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of the gene analyzed. NGS and/or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantitative method is performed to test for the presence of deletions and duplications in the gene analyzed. There … Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and/or Sanger sequencing is performed to test for the presence of variants in coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of the gene analyzed. NGS and/or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantitative method is performed to test for the presence of deletions and duplications in the gene analyzed. There may be regions of genes that cannot be effectively amplified for sequencing or deletion and duplication analysis as a result of technical limitations of the assay, including regions of homology, high guanine-cytosine (GC) content, and repetitive sequences. Confirmation of select reportable variants may be performed by alternate methodologies based on internal laboratory criteria. View more

PCR-based methods and/or Sanger sequencing is used to confirm variants detected by NGS when appropriate

Tests performed
Entire test performed in-house

At least 99% of the bases are covered at a read depth >30X. Sensitivity is estimated at >99% for single nucleotide variants, >94% for indels up to 39 base pairs, >95% for deletions up to 75 base pairs and insertions up to 47 base pairs.

Clinical Correlations: Test results should be interpreted in context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Misinterpretation of results may occur if the information provided is inaccurate or incomplete. If testing was performed because of a clinically significant family history, it is often useful to first test an … Clinical Correlations: Test results should be interpreted in context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Misinterpretation of results may occur if the information provided is inaccurate or incomplete. If testing was performed because of a clinically significant family history, it is often useful to first test an affected family member. Detection of a reportable variant in an affected family member would allow for more informative testing of at risk individuals. To discuss the availability of further testing options, for assistance in general test selection, or for assistance in the interpretation of these results, Mayo Clinic Laboratory genetic counselors can be contacted at 800-533-1710. Technical Limitations: Next-generation sequencing may not detect all types of genomic variants. In rare cases, false-negative or false-positive results may occur. The depth of coverage may be variable for some target regions, but assay performance below the minimum acceptable criteria or for failed regions will be noted. Given these limitations, negative results do not rule out the diagnosis of a genetic disorder. If specific clinical disorders are suspected, evaluation by alternative methods can be considered. If the patient has had an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant or a recent heterologous blood transfusion, these results may be inaccurate due to the presence of donor DNA. Call Mayo Clinic Laboratories for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant. There may be regions of genes that cannot be effectively amplified for sequencing or deletion and duplication analysis as a result of technical limitations of the assay, including regions of homology, high guanine- cytosine (GC) content, and repetitive sequences. Confirmation of select reportable variants will be performed by alternate methodologies based on internal laboratory criteria. This assay will not reliably detect insertions/deletions (indels) of 40 or more base pairs (bp), including Alu insertions, long interspersed elements (LINES), and short interspersed elements (SINES). The bioinformatics software pipeline is verified to detect 95% of deletions up to 75 bp and insertions up to 47 bp. Additionally, low level mosaic variants may not be detected. This test is not designed to differentiate between somatic and germline variants. If there is a possibility that any detected variant is somatic, additional testing may be necessary to clarify the significance of results. Reclassification of Variants-Policy: At this time, it is not standard practice for the laboratory to systematically review previously classified variants on a regular basis. The laboratory encourages health care providers to contact the laboratory at any time to learn how the status of a particular variant may have changed over time. Variant Evaluation: Evaluation and categorization of variants is performed using published American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) recommendations as a guideline.(1) Other gene specific guidelines may also be considered. Variants are classified based on known, predicted, or possible pathogenicity and reported with interpretive comments detailing their potential or known significance. Variants classified as benign or likely benign are not reported. Multiple in silico evaluation tools may be used to assist in the interpretation of these results. The accuracy of predictions made by in silico evaluation tools is highly dependent upon the data available for a given gene, and periodic updates to these tools may cause predictions to change over time. Results from in silico evaluation tools should be interpreted with caution and professional clinical judgment. Intronic and synonymous sequence variants not predicted to impact splicing or otherwise contribute to disease are not reported. View more

Is proficiency testing performed for this test? Help
Yes

Method used for proficiency testing: Help
Formal PT program

PT Provider: Help
American College of Medical Genetics / College of American Pathologists, ACMG/CAP

Software used to interpret novel variations Help
Variants may be analyzed using any combination of the following: Alamut, REVEL, Polyphen-2, SIFT, AGVGD, MutationTaster, SpliceSiteFinder-like, MaxEntScan, NNSPLICE, GeneSplicer, SpliceAI, gene-specific online databases, ISCA, UCSC Genome Browser

Laboratory's policy on reporting novel variations Help
All novel variants and copy number variants are evaluated for potential pathogenicity and included in the written report, accordingly.