U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Phantom limb

MedGen UID:
10686
•Concept ID:
C0031315
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Limb, Phantom; Limbs, Phantom; Phantom Limb; Phantom Limbs; Phantom Sensation; Phantom Sensations; Pseudomelia; Pseudomelias; Sensation, Phantom; Sensations, Phantom
SNOMED CT: Phantom limb (193114000); Phantom limb syndrome (193114000); FLS - Phantom limb syndrome (193114000); PLS - Phantom limb syndrome (193114000)

Definition

Persistent postural and motor experiences of the limb after physical loss. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVPhantom limb

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Management of Post-Amputation Pain.
Modest JM, Raducha JE, Testa EJ, Eberson CP
R I Med J (2013) 2020 May 1;103(4):19-22. PMID: 32357588
Treatment Strategies and Effective Management of Phantom Limb-Associated Pain.
Urits I, Seifert D, Seats A, Giacomazzi S, Kipp M, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019 Jul 29;23(9):64. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0802-0. PMID: 31359171
Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment.
Flor H
Lancet Neurol 2002 Jul;1(3):182-9. doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00074-1. PMID: 12849487

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Xie HM, Zhang KX, Wang S, Wang N, Wang N, Li X, Huang LP
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022 May;103(5):988-997. Epub 2021 Aug 28 doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.810. PMID: 34461084
The effectiveness of graded motor imagery for reducing phantom limb pain in amputees: a randomised controlled trial.
Limakatso K, Madden VJ, Manie S, Parker R
Physiotherapy 2020 Dec;109:65-74. Epub 2019 Jun 28 doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2019.06.009. PMID: 31992445
A comparison of the effects of mirror therapy and phantom exercises on phantom limb pain.
Anaforoğlu Külünkoğlu B, Erbahçeci F, Alkan A
Turk J Med Sci 2019 Feb 11;49(1):101-109. doi: 10.3906/sag-1712-166. PMID: 30762318Free PMC Article
Management of lower limb amputations.
Isaacs-Itua A, Sedki I
Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2018 Apr 2;79(4):205-210. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2018.79.4.205. PMID: 29620980
Effectiveness of mirror therapy, motor imagery, and virtual feedback on phantom limb pain following amputation: A systematic review.
Herrador Colmenero L, Perez Marmol JM, Martí-García C, Querol Zaldivar MLÁ, Tapia Haro RM, Castro Sánchez AM, Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME
Prosthet Orthot Int 2018 Jun;42(3):288-298. Epub 2017 Nov 20 doi: 10.1177/0309364617740230. PMID: 29153043

Diagnosis

Current Understanding of Phantom Pain and its Treatment.
Culp CJ, Abdi S
Pain Physician 2022 Oct;25(7):E941-E957. PMID: 36288580
Dreams and nightmares in healthy adults and in patients with sleep and neurological disorders.
Siclari F, Valli K, Arnulf I
Lancet Neurol 2020 Oct;19(10):849-859. Epub 2020 Sep 16 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30275-1. PMID: 32949545
Human brain connectivity: Clinical applications for clinical neurophysiology.
Hallett M, de Haan W, Deco G, Dengler R, Di Iorio R, Gallea C, Gerloff C, Grefkes C, Helmich RC, Kringelbach ML, Miraglia F, Rektor I, Strýček O, Vecchio F, Volz LJ, Wu T, Rossini PM
Clin Neurophysiol 2020 Jul;131(7):1621-1651. Epub 2020 Apr 21 doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.03.031. PMID: 32417703
Treatment Strategies and Effective Management of Phantom Limb-Associated Pain.
Urits I, Seifert D, Seats A, Giacomazzi S, Kipp M, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019 Jul 29;23(9):64. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0802-0. PMID: 31359171
Traditional and augmented reality mirror therapy for patients with chronic phantom limb pain (PACT study): results of a three-group, multicentre single-blind randomized controlled trial.
Rothgangel A, Braun S, Winkens B, Beurskens A, Smeets R
Clin Rehabil 2018 Dec;32(12):1591-1608. Epub 2018 Jul 16 doi: 10.1177/0269215518785948. PMID: 30012007

Therapy

Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Xie HM, Zhang KX, Wang S, Wang N, Wang N, Li X, Huang LP
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022 May;103(5):988-997. Epub 2021 Aug 28 doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.810. PMID: 34461084
Management of Post-Amputation Pain.
Modest JM, Raducha JE, Testa EJ, Eberson CP
R I Med J (2013) 2020 May 1;103(4):19-22. PMID: 32357588
Treatment Strategies and Effective Management of Phantom Limb-Associated Pain.
Urits I, Seifert D, Seats A, Giacomazzi S, Kipp M, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019 Jul 29;23(9):64. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0802-0. PMID: 31359171
Recent advances in understanding and managing phantom limb pain.
Aternali A, Katz J
F1000Res 2019;8 Epub 2019 Jul 23 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.19355.1. PMID: 31354940Free PMC Article
A comparison of the effects of mirror therapy and phantom exercises on phantom limb pain.
Anaforoğlu Külünkoğlu B, Erbahçeci F, Alkan A
Turk J Med Sci 2019 Feb 11;49(1):101-109. doi: 10.3906/sag-1712-166. PMID: 30762318Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Applications of Machine Learning in Real-Life Digital Health Interventions: Review of the Literature.
Triantafyllidis AK, Tsanas A
J Med Internet Res 2019 Apr 5;21(4):e12286. doi: 10.2196/12286. PMID: 30950797Free PMC Article
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Treats Neuroma and Phantom Pain in Major Limb Amputees: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Dumanian GA, Potter BK, Mioton LM, Ko JH, Cheesborough JE, Souza JM, Ertl WJ, Tintle SM, Nanos GP, Valerio IL, Kuiken TA, Apkarian AV, Porter K, Jordan SW
Ann Surg 2019 Aug;270(2):238-246. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003088. PMID: 30371518
Brain and spinal stimulation therapies for phantom limb pain: a systematic review.
Corbett M, South E, Harden M, Eldabe S, Pereira E, Sedki I, Hall N, Woolacott N
Health Technol Assess 2018 Nov;22(62):1-94. doi: 10.3310/hta22620. PMID: 30407905Free PMC Article
Mirror therapy: A potential intervention for pain management.
Wittkopf PG, Johnson MI
Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2017 Nov;63(11):1000-1005. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.63.11.1000. PMID: 29451665
Mirror Therapy and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Management of Phantom Limb Pain in Amputees - A Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.
Tilak M, Isaac SA, Fletcher J, Vasanthan LT, Subbaiah RS, Babu A, Bhide R, Tharion G
Physiother Res Int 2016 Jun;21(2):109-15. Epub 2015 Apr 1 doi: 10.1002/pri.1626. PMID: 25832306

Clinical prediction guides

Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Xie HM, Zhang KX, Wang S, Wang N, Wang N, Li X, Huang LP
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022 May;103(5):988-997. Epub 2021 Aug 28 doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.810. PMID: 34461084
Effects of phantom exercises on pain, mobility, and quality of life among lower limb amputees; a randomized controlled trial.
Zaheer A, Malik AN, Masood T, Fatima S
BMC Neurol 2021 Oct 27;21(1):416. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02441-z. PMID: 34706654Free PMC Article
A comparison of the effects of mirror therapy and phantom exercises on phantom limb pain.
Anaforoğlu Külünkoğlu B, Erbahçeci F, Alkan A
Turk J Med Sci 2019 Feb 11;49(1):101-109. doi: 10.3906/sag-1712-166. PMID: 30762318Free PMC Article
Mirror therapy for phantom limb and stump pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial in landmine amputees in Cambodia.
Ol HS, Van Heng Y, Danielsson L, Husum H
Scand J Pain 2018 Oct 25;18(4):603-610. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0042. PMID: 30207289
Effectiveness of mirror therapy, motor imagery, and virtual feedback on phantom limb pain following amputation: A systematic review.
Herrador Colmenero L, Perez Marmol JM, Martí-García C, Querol Zaldivar MLÁ, Tapia Haro RM, Castro Sánchez AM, Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME
Prosthet Orthot Int 2018 Jun;42(3):288-298. Epub 2017 Nov 20 doi: 10.1177/0309364617740230. PMID: 29153043

Recent systematic reviews

Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Xie HM, Zhang KX, Wang S, Wang N, Wang N, Li X, Huang LP
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022 May;103(5):988-997. Epub 2021 Aug 28 doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.810. PMID: 34461084
Effectiveness of mirror therapy, motor imagery, and virtual feedback on phantom limb pain following amputation: A systematic review.
Herrador Colmenero L, Perez Marmol JM, Martí-García C, Querol Zaldivar MLÁ, Tapia Haro RM, Castro Sánchez AM, Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME
Prosthet Orthot Int 2018 Jun;42(3):288-298. Epub 2017 Nov 20 doi: 10.1177/0309364617740230. PMID: 29153043
Systematic review of management of chronic pain after surgery.
Wylde V, Dennis J, Beswick AD, Bruce J, Eccleston C, Howells N, Peters TJ, Gooberman-Hill R
Br J Surg 2017 Sep;104(10):1293-1306. Epub 2017 Jul 6 doi: 10.1002/bjs.10601. PMID: 28681962Free PMC Article
The effects of mirror therapy on pain and motor control of phantom limb in amputees: A systematic review.
Barbin J, Seetha V, Casillas JM, Paysant J, Pérennou D
Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016 Sep;59(4):270-5. Epub 2016 May 30 doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.04.001. PMID: 27256539
Differences in myoelectric and body-powered upper-limb prostheses: Systematic literature review.
Carey SL, Lura DJ, Highsmith MJ; CP; FAAOP
J Rehabil Res Dev 2015;52(3):247-62. doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2014.08.0192. PMID: 26230500

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...