U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Abnormal vena cava morphology

MedGen UID:
1391621
•Concept ID:
C4476886
•
Anatomical Abnormality
Synonym: Abnormality of the vena cava
 
HPO: HP:0005345

Definition

An abnormality of the structure of the veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart, i.e., the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Why is Prenatal Diagnosis Important?
Keleş A, Yılmaz O, Dağdeviren G, Çelik ÖY, Yücel A, Şahin D
Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022 Aug;41(4):592-602. Epub 2021 Jun 9 doi: 10.1080/15513815.2021.1933662. PMID: 34106033
Caval Thrombus Management: The Data, Where We Are, and How It Is Done.
Harrison B, Hao F, Koney N, McWilliams J, Moriarty JM
Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2018 Jun;21(2):65-77. Epub 2018 Mar 9 doi: 10.1053/j.tvir.2018.03.002. PMID: 29784124
May-Thurner syndrome: diagnosis and management.
Brazeau NF, Harvey HB, Pinto EG, Deipolyi A, Hesketh RL, Oklu R
Vasa 2013 Mar;42(2):96-105. doi: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000252. PMID: 23485836

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Developmental or Procedural Vena Cava Interruption and Venous Thromboembolism: A Review.
Bikdeli B, Sadeghipour P, Lou J, Bejjani A, Khairani CD, Rashedi S, Lookstein R, Lansky A, Vedantham S, Sobieszczyk P, Mena-Hurtado C, Aghayev A, Henke P, Mehdipoor G, Tufano A, Chatterjee S, Middeldorp S, Wasan S, Bashir R, Lang IM, Shishehbor MH, Gerhard-Herman M, Giri J, Menard MT, Parikh SA, Mazzolai L, Moores L, Monreal M, Jimenez D, Goldhaber SZ, Krumholz HM, Piazza G
Semin Thromb Hemost 2024 Sep;50(6):851-865. Epub 2024 Jan 4 doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1777991. PMID: 38176425
Inferior vena cava thrombosis-rope ladder sign.
Meyer S, Poryo M
Wien Med Wochenschr 2023 May;173(7-8):159-160. Epub 2021 Oct 6 doi: 10.1007/s10354-021-00886-y. PMID: 34613517Free PMC Article
Anomalies of Inferior Vena Cava: Implications and Considerations in Retroperitoneal Surgical Procedures.
Nigro B, Ayarragaray JEF
Ann Vasc Surg 2022 Feb;79:372-379. Epub 2021 Oct 10 doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.07.029. PMID: 34644626
Diagnosis of fetal non-chromosomal abnormalities on routine ultrasound examination at 11-13 weeks' gestation.
Syngelaki A, Hammami A, Bower S, Zidere V, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019 Oct;54(4):468-476. doi: 10.1002/uog.20844. PMID: 31408229
"Right-sided" May-Thurner syndrome.
Abboud G, Midulla M, Lions C, El Ngheoui Z, Gengler L, Martinelli T, Beregi JP
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010 Oct;33(5):1056-9. Epub 2009 Jul 24 doi: 10.1007/s00270-009-9654-z. PMID: 19629587

Diagnosis

Outcomes following prenatal diagnosis of isolated persistent left superior vena cava.
Durand I, Hazelzet T, Gillibert A, Parrod C, David N, El Youssef F, Brehin AC, Barre E
Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2022 Jun-Jul;115(6-7):335-347. Epub 2022 May 14 doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2022.03.005. PMID: 35660361
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Why is Prenatal Diagnosis Important?
Keleş A, Yılmaz O, Dağdeviren G, Çelik ÖY, Yücel A, Şahin D
Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022 Aug;41(4):592-602. Epub 2021 Jun 9 doi: 10.1080/15513815.2021.1933662. PMID: 34106033
Imaging evaluation of the inferior vena cava.
Smillie RP, Shetty M, Boyer AC, Madrazo B, Jafri SZ
Radiographics 2015 Mar-Apr;35(2):578-92. doi: 10.1148/rg.352140136. PMID: 25763740
Ectopic intracaval liver.
Rafiei P, Sebastian S, Patel RB, Roda MS
Clin Imaging 2012 Nov-Dec;36(6):869-72. Epub 2012 Jun 8 doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.01.005. PMID: 23154027
Coronary artery fistulae.
Luo L, Kebede S, Wu S, Stouffer GA
Am J Med Sci 2006 Aug;332(2):79-84. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200608000-00005. PMID: 16909054

Therapy

Anomalies of Inferior Vena Cava: Implications and Considerations in Retroperitoneal Surgical Procedures.
Nigro B, Ayarragaray JEF
Ann Vasc Surg 2022 Feb;79:372-379. Epub 2021 Oct 10 doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.07.029. PMID: 34644626
Suprarenal Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement and Retrieval: Safety Analysis.
Baheti A, Sheeran D, Patrie J, Sabri SS, Angle JF, Wilkins LR
J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020 Feb;31(2):231-235. Epub 2019 Dec 26 doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.08.012. PMID: 31883935
Vascular Behçet's syndrome: an update.
Emmi G, Bettiol A, Silvestri E, Di Scala G, Becatti M, Fiorillo C, Prisco D
Intern Emerg Med 2019 Aug;14(5):645-652. Epub 2018 Nov 29 doi: 10.1007/s11739-018-1991-y. PMID: 30499073
Caval Thrombus Management: The Data, Where We Are, and How It Is Done.
Harrison B, Hao F, Koney N, McWilliams J, Moriarty JM
Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2018 Jun;21(2):65-77. Epub 2018 Mar 9 doi: 10.1053/j.tvir.2018.03.002. PMID: 29784124
Inferior vena cava filter-associated abnormalities: MDCT findings.
Rao B, Duran C, Steigner ML, Rybicki FJ
AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012 Jun;198(6):W605-10. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.7664. PMID: 22623578

Prognosis

Duplication of the inferior vena cava: a case series.
Li WR, Feng H, Jin L, Chen XM, Zhang ZW
J Int Med Res 2022 May;50(5):3000605221100771. doi: 10.1177/03000605221100771. PMID: 35607249Free PMC Article
Anomalies of Inferior Vena Cava: Implications and Considerations in Retroperitoneal Surgical Procedures.
Nigro B, Ayarragaray JEF
Ann Vasc Surg 2022 Feb;79:372-379. Epub 2021 Oct 10 doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.07.029. PMID: 34644626
Left superior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging overview.
Batouty NM, Sobh DM, Gadelhak B, Sobh HM, Mahmoud W, Tawfik AM
Radiol Med 2020 Mar;125(3):237-246. Epub 2019 Dec 10 doi: 10.1007/s11547-019-01114-9. PMID: 31823296
"Right-sided" May-Thurner syndrome.
Abboud G, Midulla M, Lions C, El Ngheoui Z, Gengler L, Martinelli T, Beregi JP
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010 Oct;33(5):1056-9. Epub 2009 Jul 24 doi: 10.1007/s00270-009-9654-z. PMID: 19629587
Coronary artery fistulae.
Luo L, Kebede S, Wu S, Stouffer GA
Am J Med Sci 2006 Aug;332(2):79-84. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200608000-00005. PMID: 16909054

Clinical prediction guides

Clinical significance of prenatally diagnosed persistent left superior vena cava.
Esin D, Aslan Çetin B, Şenol G, Selçuki NFT, Gedik Özköse Z, Acar Z, Yüksel MA
J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2022 Apr;51(4):102332. Epub 2022 Feb 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2022.102332. PMID: 35123124
Anomalies of Inferior Vena Cava: Implications and Considerations in Retroperitoneal Surgical Procedures.
Nigro B, Ayarragaray JEF
Ann Vasc Surg 2022 Feb;79:372-379. Epub 2021 Oct 10 doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.07.029. PMID: 34644626
Suprarenal Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement and Retrieval: Safety Analysis.
Baheti A, Sheeran D, Patrie J, Sabri SS, Angle JF, Wilkins LR
J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020 Feb;31(2):231-235. Epub 2019 Dec 26 doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.08.012. PMID: 31883935
Diagnosis of major heart defects by routine first-trimester ultrasound examination: association with increased nuchal translucency, tricuspid regurgitation and abnormal flow in ductus venosus.
Minnella GP, Crupano FM, Syngelaki A, Zidere V, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020 May;55(5):637-644. doi: 10.1002/uog.21956. PMID: 31875326
May-Thurner syndrome: diagnosis and management.
Brazeau NF, Harvey HB, Pinto EG, Deipolyi A, Hesketh RL, Oklu R
Vasa 2013 Mar;42(2):96-105. doi: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000252. PMID: 23485836

Recent systematic reviews

Deep venous thrombosis in patients with atresia of the inferior vena cava and right kidney hypoplasia (KILT syndrome): Systematic review of the literature.
Pantic N, Cvetkovic M, Milin-Lazovic J, Vukmirovic J, Pavlovic A, Virijevic M, Pravdic Z, Kozarac S, Sabljic N, Suvajdzic-Vukovic N, Dragas M, Mitrovic M
Vasc Med 2024 Jun;29(3):320-327. Epub 2024 Apr 4 doi: 10.1177/1358863X241240427. PMID: 38573108
Systematic review of electrophysiology procedures in patients with obstruction of the inferior vena cava.
Al-Sinan A, Chan KH, Young GD, Martin A, Sepahpour A, Sy RW
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2022 Jun;33(6):1300-1311. Epub 2022 Apr 30 doi: 10.1111/jce.15505. PMID: 35441755Free PMC Article
Duplication and transposition of inferior vena cava: A meta-analysis of prevalence.
Hostiuc S, Minoiu C, Negoi I, Rusu MC, Hostiuc M
J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2019 Sep;7(5):742-755. Epub 2019 May 5 doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.01.063. PMID: 31068277
Dilated cerebral venous system observed in growth-restricted fetuses.
Baron J, Mastrolia SA, Shelef I, Tirosh D, Daniel-Spiegel E, Hershkovitz R
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018 May;31(10):1369-1372. Epub 2017 Apr 20 doi: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1315097. PMID: 28372477
Left-sided and duplicate inferior vena cava: a case series and review.
Ang WC, Doyle T, Stringer MD
Clin Anat 2013 Nov;26(8):990-1001. Epub 2012 May 10 doi: 10.1002/ca.22090. PMID: 22576868

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • ClinVar
      Related medical variations
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...