U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Agraphia

MedGen UID:
1790
•Concept ID:
C0001825
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonym: Agraphias
SNOMED CT: Agraphia (27206009)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0000716

Definition

Loss of the ability to write as a result of neurological damage or disorder in someone who previously had this ability and is inconsistent with current level of intellectual functioning. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Multi-step treatment for acquired alexia and agraphia (part II): a dual-route error scoring system.
Ross K, Johnson JP, Kiran S
Neuropsychol Rehabil 2019 May;29(4):565-604. Epub 2017 Apr 19 doi: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1311796. PMID: 28421910
Multi-step treatment for acquired alexia and agraphia (Part I): efficacy, generalisation, and identification of beneficial treatment steps.
Johnson JP, Ross K, Kiran S
Neuropsychol Rehabil 2019 May;29(4):534-564. Epub 2017 Apr 19 doi: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1311271. PMID: 28421858
The nature and treatment of phonological text agraphia.
Beeson PM, Rising K, DeMarco AT, Foley TH, Rapcsak SZ
Neuropsychol Rehabil 2018 Jun;28(4):568-588. Epub 2016 Jul 8 doi: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1199387. PMID: 27392251Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Dysgraphia Phenotypes in Native Chinese Speakers With Primary Progressive Aphasia.
Tee BL, Lorinda Kwan-Chen LY, Chen TF, Yan CTY, Tsoh J, Lung-Tat Chan A, Wong A, Lo RY, Lu CL, Wang PN, Lee Y, Yang FG, Battistella G, Allen IE, Dronkers NF, Miller BL, Gorno-Tempini ML
Neurology 2022 May 31;98(22):e2245-e2257. Epub 2022 Apr 11 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200350. PMID: 35410909Free PMC Article
Handwriting in Alzheimer's Disease.
Delazer M, Zamarian L, Djamshidian A
J Alzheimers Dis 2021;82(2):727-735. doi: 10.3233/JAD-210279. PMID: 34057089
Disorders of higher visual processing.
Barton JJ
Handb Clin Neurol 2011;102:223-61. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00015-7. PMID: 21601069
Spatial acalculia.
Ardila A, Rosselli M
Int J Neurosci 1994 Oct;78(3-4):177-84. doi: 10.3109/00207459408986056. PMID: 7883454
Spatial agraphia.
Ardila A, Rosselli M
Brain Cogn 1993 Jul;22(2):137-47. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1993.1029. PMID: 8373568

Diagnosis

The Modularity of Dysgraphia.
G S A, Ponniah RJ
J Psycholinguist Res 2023 Dec;52(6):2903-2917. Epub 2023 Nov 6 doi: 10.1007/s10936-023-10029-6. PMID: 37930468
Acalculia in Aphasia.
Gonzalez R, Rojas M, Rosselli M, Ardila A
Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021 May 21;36(4):455-464. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acaa072. PMID: 32978628
Alexia and Agraphia from 1861 to 1965.
Henderson VW
Front Neurol Neurosci 2019;44:39-52. Epub 2019 Apr 30 doi: 10.1159/000494951. PMID: 31220840
Gerstmann syndrome: historic and current perspectives.
Rusconi E
Handb Clin Neurol 2018;151:395-411. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63622-5.00020-6. PMID: 29519471
Handwriting development, competency, and intervention.
Feder KP, Majnemer A
Dev Med Child Neurol 2007 Apr;49(4):312-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x. PMID: 17376144

Therapy

Long-term survival from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in living-donor liver transplant recipient with preformed donor-specific antibody.
Egashira S, Kubota A, Kakumoto T, Kawasaki R, Kotani R, Sakuishi K, Iwata A, Bae SK, Akamatsu N, Hasegawa K, Tanaka M, Nakamichi K, Saijo M, Toda T
J Neurovirol 2023 Oct;29(5):519-523. Epub 2023 Sep 5 doi: 10.1007/s13365-023-01171-x. PMID: 37668873Free PMC Article
Capecitabine-related neurotoxicity presenting with agraphia.
Iscan D, Tolay R, Bayram E, Demir T, Bicakci S
J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023 Apr;29(3):746-749. Epub 2022 Jul 29 doi: 10.1177/10781552221116329. PMID: 35903929
Technology-enhanced writing therapy for people with aphasia: results of a quasi-randomized waitlist controlled study.
Marshall J, Caute A, Chadd K, Cruice M, Monnelly K, Wilson S, Woolf C
Int J Lang Commun Disord 2019 Mar;54(2):203-220. Epub 2018 May 10 doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12391. PMID: 29749112
Callosal warning syndrome.
Nandhagopal R, Al-Asmi A, Johnston WJ, Jacob PC, Arunodaya GR
J Neurol Sci 2012 Mar 15;314(1-2):178-80. Epub 2011 Nov 8 doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.10.007. PMID: 22075046
Conceptualizing functional cognition in stroke.
Donovan NJ, Kendall DL, Heaton SC, Kwon S, Velozo CA, Duncan PW
Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008 Mar-Apr;22(2):122-35. Epub 2007 Aug 30 doi: 10.1177/1545968307306239. PMID: 17761809

Prognosis

Handwriting in Alzheimer's Disease.
Delazer M, Zamarian L, Djamshidian A
J Alzheimers Dis 2021;82(2):727-735. doi: 10.3233/JAD-210279. PMID: 34057089
Acalculia in Aphasia.
Gonzalez R, Rojas M, Rosselli M, Ardila A
Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021 May 21;36(4):455-464. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acaa072. PMID: 32978628
Dysgraphia detection through machine learning.
Drotár P, Dobeš M
Sci Rep 2020 Dec 9;10(1):21541. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78611-9. PMID: 33299092Free PMC Article
Alopecia neoplastica.
Chansky P, Micheletti RG
BMJ Case Rep 2017 Apr 11;2017 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220215. PMID: 28400390Free PMC Article
Post-stroke language disorders.
Sinanović O, Mrkonjić Z, Zukić S, Vidović M, Imamović K
Acta Clin Croat 2011 Mar;50(1):79-94. PMID: 22034787

Clinical prediction guides

Reading and alexia.
Starrfelt R, Woodhead Z
Handb Clin Neurol 2021;178:213-232. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-821377-3.00010-6. PMID: 33832678
Acalculia in Aphasia.
Gonzalez R, Rojas M, Rosselli M, Ardila A
Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021 May 21;36(4):455-464. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acaa072. PMID: 32978628
Cognitive Rehabilitation of Acquired Calculation Disturbances.
Ardila A, Rosselli M
Behav Neurol 2019;2019:3151092. Epub 2019 Apr 4 doi: 10.1155/2019/3151092. PMID: 31093301Free PMC Article
Micrographia, much beyond the writer's hand.
Inzelberg R, Plotnik M, Harpaz NK, Flash T
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016 May;26:1-9. Epub 2016 Mar 11 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.003. PMID: 26997656
Handwriting development, competency, and intervention.
Feder KP, Majnemer A
Dev Med Child Neurol 2007 Apr;49(4):312-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x. PMID: 17376144

Recent systematic reviews

Functional Assessment of Handwriting Among Children: A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties.
Vico R, Martín J, González M
Am J Occup Ther 2023 Sep 1;77(5) doi: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050174. PMID: 37877571
Handwriting Changes in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review.
Fernandes CP, Montalvo G, Caligiuri M, Pertsinakis M, Guimarães J
J Alzheimers Dis 2023;96(1):1-11. doi: 10.3233/JAD-230438. PMID: 37718808
Speech and Language Therapy for Acquired Central Dysgraphia in Neurological Patients: A Systematic Review to Describe and Identify Trainings for Clinical Practice.
Biddau F, Brisotto C, Innocenti T, Ranaldi S, Meneghello F, D'Imperio D, Nordio S
Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2023 Mar 9;32(2):762-785. Epub 2023 Mar 1 doi: 10.1044/2022_AJSLP-22-00042. PMID: 36857041
Transient headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis syndrome: A comprehensive systematic review of 93 patients from 57 studies.
Al-Chalabi M, Hegde P, Asghar F, Aladamat N, Delcimmuto N, Gharaibeh K, Samara M, Esengul Y, Mahfooz N, Sheikh A
Cephalalgia 2023 Apr;43(4):3331024231157694. doi: 10.1177/03331024231157694. PMID: 36856002
Micrographia, much beyond the writer's hand.
Inzelberg R, Plotnik M, Harpaz NK, Flash T
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016 May;26:1-9. Epub 2016 Mar 11 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.003. PMID: 26997656

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...