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Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1(CGL1)

MedGen UID:
318592
Concept ID:
C1720862
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy Type 1; BRUNZELL SYNDROME, AGPAT2-RELATED; CGL1
 
Gene (location): AGPAT2 (9q34.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0012071
OMIM®: 608594

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy
Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is usually diagnosed at birth or soon thereafter. Because of the absence of functional adipocytes, lipid is stored in other tissues, including muscle and liver. Affected individuals develop insulin resistance and approximately 25%-35% develop diabetes mellitus between ages 15 and 20 years. Hepatomegaly secondary to hepatic steatosis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy occur in all affected individuals. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is reported in 20%-25% of affected individuals and is a significant cause of morbidity from cardiac failure and early mortality. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Lionel Van Maldergem   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL), or Berardinelli-Seip syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a near absence of adipose tissue from birth or early infancy and severe insulin resistance. Other clinical and biologic features include acanthosis nigricans, muscular hypertrophy, hepatomegaly, altered glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia (Garg, 2004). Genetic Heterogeneity of Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy Also see CGL2 (269700), caused by mutation in the BSCL2 gene (606158); CGL3 (612526), caused by mutation in the CAV1 gene (601047); CGL4 (613327), caused by mutation in the PTRF gene (CAVIN1; 603198); and CGL5 (620680), caused by mutation in the PCYT1A gene (123695).  http://www.omim.org/entry/608594
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Researchers have described four types of congenital generalized lipodystrophy, which are distinguished by their genetic cause. The types also have some differences in their typical signs and symptoms. For example, in addition to the features described above, some people with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 develop cysts in the long bones of the arms and legs after puberty. Type 2 can be associated with intellectual disability, which is usually mild to moderate. Type 3 appears to cause poor growth and short stature, along with other health problems. Type 4 is associated with muscle weakness, delayed development, joint abnormalities, a narrowing of the lower part of the stomach (pyloric stenosis), and severe arrhythmia that can lead to sudden death.

People with congenital generalized lipodystrophy have a distinctive physical appearance. They appear very muscular because they have an almost complete absence of adipose tissue and an overgrowth of muscle tissue. A lack of adipose tissue under the skin also makes the veins appear prominent. Affected individuals tend to have prominent bones above the eyes (orbital ridges), large hands and feet, and a prominent belly button (umbilicus). Affected females may have an enlarged clitoris (clitoromegaly), an increased amount of body hair (hirsutism), irregular menstrual periods, and multiple cysts on the ovaries, which may be related to hormonal changes. Many people with this disorder develop acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition related to high levels of insulin in the bloodstream. Acanthosis nigricans causes the skin in body folds and creases to become thick, dark, and velvety.

The signs and symptoms of congenital generalized lipodystrophy are usually apparent from birth or early childhood. One of the most common features is insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's tissues are unable to recognize insulin, a hormone that normally helps to regulate levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar. Insulin resistance may develop into a more serious disease called diabetes mellitus. Most affected individuals also have high levels of fats called triglycerides circulating in the bloodstream (hypertriglyceridemia), which can lead to the development of small yellow deposits of fat under the skin called eruptive xanthomas and inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Additionally, congenital generalized lipodystrophy causes an abnormal buildup of fats in the liver (hepatic steatosis), which can result in an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and liver failure. Some affected individuals develop a form of heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which can lead to heart failure and an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can cause sudden death.

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (also called Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy) is a rare condition characterized by an almost total lack of fatty (adipose) tissue in the body and a very muscular appearance. Adipose tissue is found in many parts of the body, including beneath the skin and surrounding the internal organs. It stores fat for energy and also provides cushioning. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy is part of a group of related disorders known as lipodystrophies, which are all characterized by a loss of adipose tissue. A shortage of adipose tissue leads to the storage of fat elsewhere in the body, such as in the liver and muscles, which causes serious health problems.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/congenital-generalized-lipodystrophy

Clinical features

From HPO
Polycystic ovaries
MedGen UID:
10836
Concept ID:
C0032460
Disease or Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition that affects women in their child-bearing years and alters the levels of multiple hormones, resulting in problems affecting many body systems.\n\nMost women with polycystic ovary syndrome produce excess male sex hormones (androgens), a condition called hyperandrogenism. Having too much of these hormones typically leads to excessive body hair growth (hirsutism), acne, and male pattern baldness.\n\nHyperandrogenism and abnormal levels of other sex hormones prevent normal release of egg cells from the ovaries (ovulation) and regular menstrual periods, leading to difficulty conceiving a child (subfertility) or a complete inability to conceive (infertility). For those who achieve pregnancy, there is an increased risk of complications and pregnancy loss. Due to irregular and infrequent menstruation and hormone abnormalities, affected women have an increased risk of cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer).\n\nIn polycystic ovary syndrome, one or both ovaries can contain multiple small, immature ovarian follicles that can appear as cysts on medical imaging. Normally, ovarian follicles contain egg cells, which are released during ovulation. In polycystic ovary syndrome, abnormal hormone levels prevent follicles from growing and maturing to release egg cells. Instead, these immature follicles accumulate in the ovaries. Affected women can have 12 or more of these follicles. The number of these follicles usually decreases with age.\n\nAbout half of all women with polycystic ovary syndrome are overweight or have obesity and are at increased risk of a fatty liver. Additionally, many women with polycystic ovary syndrome have elevated levels of insulin, which is a hormone that helps control levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar. By age 40, about 10 percent of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome develop abnormally high blood glucose levels (type 2 diabetes), and up to 35 percent develop prediabetes (higher-than-normal blood glucose levels that do not reach the cutoff for diabetes). Obesity and increased insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia) further increase the production of androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome.\n\nWomen with polycystic ovary syndrome are also at increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome, which is a group of conditions that include high blood pressure (hypertension), increased belly fat, high levels of unhealthy fats and low levels of healthy fats in the blood, and high blood glucose levels. About 20 percent of affected adults experience pauses in breathing during sleep (sleep apnea). Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are more likely than women in the general popluation to have mood disorders such as depression.
Decreased fertility in females
MedGen UID:
57728
Concept ID:
C0151639
Finding
Clitoral hypertrophy
MedGen UID:
57848
Concept ID:
C0156394
Finding
Hypertrophy of the clitoris.
Nephrolithiasis
MedGen UID:
98227
Concept ID:
C0392525
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of calculi (stones) in the kidneys.
Labial hypertrophy
MedGen UID:
96054
Concept ID:
C0404531
Pathologic Function
Large hands
MedGen UID:
98097
Concept ID:
C0426870
Finding
Long foot
MedGen UID:
154365
Concept ID:
C0576225
Finding
Increased back to front length of the foot.
Cardiomyopathy
MedGen UID:
209232
Concept ID:
C0878544
Disease or Syndrome
A myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease and congenital heart disease sufficient to cause the observed myocardial abnormality.
Tall stature
MedGen UID:
69137
Concept ID:
C0241240
Finding
A height above that which is expected according to age and gender norms.
Hepatomegaly
MedGen UID:
42428
Concept ID:
C0019209
Finding
Abnormally increased size of the liver.
Cirrhosis of liver
MedGen UID:
7368
Concept ID:
C0023890
Disease or Syndrome
A chronic disorder of the liver in which liver tissue becomes scarred and is partially replaced by regenerative nodules and fibrotic tissue resulting in loss of liver function.
Prominent umbilicus
MedGen UID:
324875
Concept ID:
C1837795
Finding
Abnormally prominent umbilicus (belly button).
Hepatic steatosis
MedGen UID:
398225
Concept ID:
C2711227
Disease or Syndrome
Steatosis is a term used to denote lipid accumulation within hepatocytes.
Macrotia
MedGen UID:
488785
Concept ID:
C0152421
Congenital Abnormality
Median longitudinal ear length greater than two standard deviations above the mean and median ear width greater than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparent increase in length and width of the pinna (subjective).
Polyphagia
MedGen UID:
9369
Concept ID:
C0020505
Finding
A neurological anomaly with gross overeating associated with an abnormally strong desire or need to eat.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Umbilical hernia
MedGen UID:
9232
Concept ID:
C0019322
Anatomical Abnormality
Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.
Lipodystrophy
MedGen UID:
6111
Concept ID:
C0023787
Disease or Syndrome
Degenerative changes of the fat tissue.
Accelerated skeletal maturation
MedGen UID:
154262
Concept ID:
C0545053
Finding
An abnormally increased rate of skeletal maturation. Accelerated skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.
Generalized muscular appearance from birth
MedGen UID:
373412
Concept ID:
C1837799
Finding
Reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue
MedGen UID:
387876
Concept ID:
C1857657
Finding
A reduced amount of fat tissue in the lowest layer of the integument. This feature can be appreciated by a reduced skinfold thickness.
Cystic angiomatosis of bone
MedGen UID:
867384
Concept ID:
C4021749
Finding
Disseminated multifocal hemangiomatous or lymphangiomatous lesions of the skeleton. The lesions are lytic, well-defined, round or oval lesions within the medullary cavity, and they have an intact cortex, and manifest variable peripheral sclerosis and may exhibit endosteal scalloping.
Reduced intrathoracic adipose tissue
MedGen UID:
1378187
Concept ID:
C4476537
Finding
An abnormally reduced amount of adipose tissue in the thoracic cavity.
Reduced intraabdominal adipose tissue
MedGen UID:
1369752
Concept ID:
C4476602
Finding
An abnormally reduced amount of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity.
Acute pancreatitis
MedGen UID:
7872
Concept ID:
C0001339
Disease or Syndrome
A acute form of pancreatitis.
Splenomegaly
MedGen UID:
52469
Concept ID:
C0038002
Finding
Abnormal increased size of the spleen.
Diabetes mellitus
MedGen UID:
8350
Concept ID:
C0011849
Disease or Syndrome
A group of abnormalities characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance.
Hypertriglyceridemia
MedGen UID:
167238
Concept ID:
C0813230
Finding
An abnormal increase in the level of triglycerides in the blood.
Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus at puberty
MedGen UID:
373411
Concept ID:
C1837792
Disease or Syndrome
Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration
MedGen UID:
338525
Concept ID:
C1848701
Finding
Elevations of the levels of SGOT and SGPT in the serum. SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) and SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) are transaminases primarily found in the liver and heart and are released into the bloodstream as the result of liver or heart damage. SGOT and SGPT are used clinically mainly as markers of liver damage.
Mandibular prognathia
MedGen UID:
98316
Concept ID:
C0399526
Finding
Abnormal prominence of the chin related to increased length of the mandible.
Triangular face
MedGen UID:
324383
Concept ID:
C1835884
Finding
Facial contour, as viewed from the front, triangular in shape, with breadth at the temples and tapering to a narrow chin.
Acanthosis nigricans
MedGen UID:
54
Concept ID:
C0000889
Disease or Syndrome
A dermatosis characterized by thickened, hyperpigmented plaques, typically on the intertriginous surfaces and neck.
Hirsutism
MedGen UID:
42461
Concept ID:
C0019572
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormally increased hair growth referring to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair).
Hyperinsulinemia
MedGen UID:
43779
Concept ID:
C0020459
Disease or Syndrome
An increased concentration of insulin in the blood.
Decreased serum leptin
MedGen UID:
373413
Concept ID:
C1837802
Finding
A decreased concentration of leptin in the blood.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Mainieri F, Tagi VM, Chiarelli F
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:879979. Epub 2022 May 4 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.879979. PMID: 35600578Free PMC Article
Araújo-Vilar D, Santini F
J Endocrinol Invest 2019 Jan;42(1):61-73. Epub 2018 Apr 27 doi: 10.1007/s40618-018-0887-z. PMID: 29704234Free PMC Article
Gupta N, Asi N, Farah W, Almasri J, Barrionuevo P, Alsawas M, Wang Z, Haymond MW, Brown RJ, Murad MH
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017 Feb 1;102(2):363-374. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2271. PMID: 27967300Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Therapy

Brener A, Zeitlin L, Wilnai Y, Birk OS, Rosenfeld T, Chorna E, Lebenthal Y
Acta Diabetol 2022 May;59(5):711-719. Epub 2022 Feb 8 doi: 10.1007/s00592-022-01854-7. PMID: 35137278

Prognosis

Brener A, Zeitlin L, Wilnai Y, Birk OS, Rosenfeld T, Chorna E, Lebenthal Y
Acta Diabetol 2022 May;59(5):711-719. Epub 2022 Feb 8 doi: 10.1007/s00592-022-01854-7. PMID: 35137278
van Heerwaarde AA, Klomberg RCW, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Ploos van Amstel HK, Toekoen A, Jessurun F, Garg A, van der Kaay DCM
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Nov 19;106(12):3621-3633. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab549. PMID: 34318892Free PMC Article
Oswiecimska J, Dawidziuk M, Gambin T, Ziora K, Marek M, Rzonca S, Guilbride DL, Jhangiani SN, Obuchowicz A, Sikora A, Lupski JR, Wiszniewski W, Gawlinski P
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019 Sep 3;11(3):319-326. Epub 2018 Dec 19 doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0227. PMID: 30563316Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Brener A, Zeitlin L, Wilnai Y, Birk OS, Rosenfeld T, Chorna E, Lebenthal Y
Acta Diabetol 2022 May;59(5):711-719. Epub 2022 Feb 8 doi: 10.1007/s00592-022-01854-7. PMID: 35137278
Oswiecimska J, Dawidziuk M, Gambin T, Ziora K, Marek M, Rzonca S, Guilbride DL, Jhangiani SN, Obuchowicz A, Sikora A, Lupski JR, Wiszniewski W, Gawlinski P
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019 Sep 3;11(3):319-326. Epub 2018 Dec 19 doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0227. PMID: 30563316Free PMC Article
Akinci G, Topaloglu H, Demir T, Danyeli AE, Talim B, Keskin FE, Kadioglu P, Talip E, Altay C, Yaylali GF, Bilen H, Nur B, Demir L, Onay H, Akinci B
Neuromuscul Disord 2017 Oct;27(10):923-930. Epub 2017 Jun 1 doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.05.015. PMID: 28754454
Taleban S, Carew HT, Dichek HL, Deeb SS, Hollenback D, Weigle DS, Cummings DE, Brunzell JD
Metabolism 2008 Aug;57(8):1155-61. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.04.008. PMID: 18640396Free PMC Article

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