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Cushing syndrome

MedGen UID:
3681
•Concept ID:
C0010481
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Adrenal hyperfunction resulting from pituitary acth excess; Cushing's syndrome; Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome; Hyperadrenocorticism; Nodular primary adrenocortical dysplasia
SNOMED CT: Cushing's syndrome (47270006); Cushing's syndrome III (47270006); Suprarenogenic syndrome (47270006); Itsenko-Cushing syndrome (47270006); Itsenko disease (47270006)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
•Concept ID:
C0443147
•
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
Not genetically inherited
MedGen UID:
988794
•Concept ID:
CN307044
•
Finding
Source: Orphanet
clinical entity without genetic inheritance.
See: This record
Autosomal dominant inheritance (Orphanet)
Not genetically inherited (Orphanet)
 
Related genes: ARMC5, USP8, AIP, GNAS
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0018912
Orphanet: ORPHA553

Definition

Cushing's syndrome (CS) encompasses a group of hormonal disorders caused by prolonged and high exposure levels to glucocorticoids that can be of either endogenous (adrenal cortex production) or exogenous (iatrogenic) origin. [from ORDO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis in Adults: Consensus Recommendations From the Belgian Bone Club.
Laurent MR, Goemaere S, Verroken C, Bergmann P, Body JJ, Bruyère O, Cavalier E, Rozenberg S, Lapauw B, Gielen E
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:908727. Epub 2022 Jun 9 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908727. PMID: 35757436Free PMC Article
Glucocorticoid Withdrawal Syndrome following treatment of endogenous Cushing Syndrome.
He X, Findling JW, Auchus RJ
Pituitary 2022 Jun;25(3):393-403. Epub 2022 Apr 26 doi: 10.1007/s11102-022-01218-y. PMID: 35471718Free PMC Article
New perspectives for mitotane treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma.
Puglisi S, Calabrese A, Basile V, Pia A, Reimondo G, Perotti P, Terzolo M
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 May;34(3):101415. Epub 2020 Mar 5 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101415. PMID: 32179008

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Pharmacological Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome.
Castinetti F
Arch Med Res 2023 Dec;54(8):102908. Epub 2023 Nov 15 doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102908. PMID: 37977919
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy.
Younes N, St-Jean M, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A
Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023 Feb;24(1):23-38. Epub 2022 Jun 7 doi: 10.1007/s11154-022-09731-y. PMID: 35670990
Alopecia and the metabolic syndrome.
Lie C, Liew CF, Oon HH
Clin Dermatol 2018 Jan-Feb;36(1):54-61. Epub 2017 Sep 8 doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.09.009. PMID: 29241753
Complications of Cushing's syndrome: state of the art.
Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, Newell-Price J, Biller BM, Colao A
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016 Jul;4(7):611-29. Epub 2016 May 10 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00086-3. PMID: 27177728
Adrenal incidentaloma.
Arnaldi G, Boscaro M
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012 Aug;26(4):405-19. Epub 2012 May 22 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.12.006. PMID: 22863384

Diagnosis

Cushing Syndrome: A Review.
Reincke M, Fleseriu M
JAMA 2023 Jul 11;330(2):170-181. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.11305. PMID: 37432427
Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome.
Savas M, Mehta S, Agrawal N, van Rossum EFC, Feelders RA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Nov 23;107(11):3162-3174. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac492. PMID: 36036941Free PMC Article
Mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of cyclic Cushing's syndrome: A review.
Cai Y, Ren L, Tan S, Liu X, Li C, Gang X, Wang G
Biomed Pharmacother 2022 Sep;153:113301. Epub 2022 Jun 17 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113301. PMID: 35717778
Cushing's syndrome: Treatment and new therapeutic approaches.
Ferriere A, Tabarin A
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Mar;34(2):101381. Epub 2020 Jan 30 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101381. PMID: 32035797
Cushing's syndrome: from physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care.
Raff H, Carroll T
J Physiol 2015 Feb 1;593(3):493-506. Epub 2015 Jan 5 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282871. PMID: 25480800Free PMC Article

Therapy

Cushing's syndrome.
Gadelha M, Gatto F, Wildemberg LE, Fleseriu M
Lancet 2023 Dec 9;402(10418):2237-2252. Epub 2023 Nov 17 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01961-X. PMID: 37984386
Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome.
Savas M, Mehta S, Agrawal N, van Rossum EFC, Feelders RA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Nov 23;107(11):3162-3174. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac492. PMID: 36036941Free PMC Article
Glucocorticoid Withdrawal Syndrome following treatment of endogenous Cushing Syndrome.
He X, Findling JW, Auchus RJ
Pituitary 2022 Jun;25(3):393-403. Epub 2022 Apr 26 doi: 10.1007/s11102-022-01218-y. PMID: 35471718Free PMC Article
Cushing's syndrome: Treatment and new therapeutic approaches.
Ferriere A, Tabarin A
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Mar;34(2):101381. Epub 2020 Jan 30 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101381. PMID: 32035797
Exogenous Cushing's syndrome and glucocorticoid withdrawal.
Hopkins RL, Leinung MC
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2005 Jun;34(2):371-84, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.013. PMID: 15850848

Prognosis

Epidemiology and mortality of Cushing's syndrome.
Hakami OA, Ahmed S, Karavitaki N
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Jan;35(1):101521. Epub 2021 Mar 15 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101521. PMID: 33766428
Pediatric adrenocortical tumours.
Pinto EM, Zambetti GP, Rodriguez-Galindo C
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 May;34(3):101448. Epub 2020 Jul 3 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101448. PMID: 32636100
Is Follow-up of Adrenal Incidentalomas Always Mandatory?
Reimondo G, Muller A, Ingargiola E, Puglisi S, Terzolo M
Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020 Mar;35(1):26-35. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.26. PMID: 32207261Free PMC Article
Adrenal mild hypercortisolism.
Goddard GM, Ravikumar A, Levine AC
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2015 Jun;44(2):371-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.009. PMID: 26038206
Adrenal incidentaloma.
Arnaldi G, Masini AM, Giacchetti G, Taccaliti A, Faloia E, Mantero F
Braz J Med Biol Res 2000 Oct;33(10):1177-89. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000001000007. PMID: 11004718

Clinical prediction guides

Cushing Syndrome: A Review.
Reincke M, Fleseriu M
JAMA 2023 Jul 11;330(2):170-181. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.11305. PMID: 37432427
Diagnostic challenges in cyclic Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review.
Nowak E, Vogel F, Albani A, Braun L, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, Ritzel K, Beuschlein F, Theodoropoulou M, Reincke M
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023 Aug;11(8):593-606. Epub 2023 Jul 7 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00150-X. PMID: 37429301
Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome.
Savas M, Mehta S, Agrawal N, van Rossum EFC, Feelders RA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Nov 23;107(11):3162-3174. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac492. PMID: 36036941Free PMC Article
Hirsutism in Women.
Matheson E, Bain J
Am Fam Physician 2019 Aug 1;100(3):168-175. PMID: 31361105
Cushing's Syndrome: Screening and Diagnosis.
Ceccato F, Boscaro M
High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2016 Sep;23(3):209-15. Epub 2016 May 9 doi: 10.1007/s40292-016-0153-4. PMID: 27160717

Recent systematic reviews

Long-Term Consequences of Cushing Syndrome: A Systematic Literature Review.
Puglisi S, Perini AME, Botto C, Oliva F, Terzolo M
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024 Feb 20;109(3):e901-e919. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad453. PMID: 37536275
Paediatric and adolescent ectopic Cushing's syndrome: systematic review.
Yami Channaiah C, Karlekar M, Sarathi V, Lila AR, Ravindra S, Badhe PV, Malhotra G, Memon SS, Patil VA, Pramesh CS, Bandgar T
Eur J Endocrinol 2023 Oct 17;189(4):S75-S87. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad133. PMID: 37801647
Diagnostic challenges in cyclic Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review.
Nowak E, Vogel F, Albani A, Braun L, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, Ritzel K, Beuschlein F, Theodoropoulou M, Reincke M
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023 Aug;11(8):593-606. Epub 2023 Jul 7 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00150-X. PMID: 37429301
Time to Diagnosis in Cushing's Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis Based on 5367 Patients.
Rubinstein G, Osswald A, Hoster E, Losa M, Elenkova A, Zacharieva S, Machado MC, Hanzu FA, Zopp S, Ritzel K, Riester A, Braun LT, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Storr HL, Bansal P, Barahona MJ, Cosaro E, Dogansen SC, Johnston PC, Santos de Oliveira R, Raftopoulos C, Scaroni C, Valassi E, van der Werff SJA, Schopohl J, Beuschlein F, Reincke M
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Mar 1;105(3) doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz136. PMID: 31665382
Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of published cases.
Caimari F, Valassi E, Garbayo P, Steffensen C, Santos A, Corcoy R, Webb SM
Endocrine 2017 Feb;55(2):555-563. Epub 2016 Oct 4 doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1117-0. PMID: 27704478

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