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Legius syndrome(NFLS; LGSS)

MedGen UID:
370709
Concept ID:
C1969623
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Neurofibromatosis type 1 like syndrome
SNOMED CT: Legius syndrome (703541007); NFLS - neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome (703541007); Neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome (703541007)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Gene (location): SPRED1 (15q14)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0012669
OMIM®: 611431
Orphanet: ORPHA137605

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Legius Syndrome
Legius syndrome is characterized by multiple café au lait macules without neurofibromas or other tumor manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Additional clinical manifestations reported commonly include intertriginous freckling, lipomas, macrocephaly, and learning disabilities / attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) / developmental delays. Current knowledge of the natural history of Legius syndrome is based on the clinical manifestations of fewer than 300 individuals with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis; better delineation of the clinical manifestations and natural history of Legius syndrome will likely occur as more affected individuals are identified. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Eric Legius  |  David Stevenson   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Legius syndrome (LGSS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that shows some similarities to neurofibromatosis type I (NF1; 162200), which is caused by mutation in the neurofibromin gene (613113); however, Legius syndrome is less severe. Individuals with Legius syndrome typically have multiple cafe-au-lait spots, sometimes associated with skin fold freckling, variable dysmorphic features such as hypertelorism or macrocephaly, lipomas, and mild learning disabilities or attention problems. Legius syndrome is not associated with neurofibromas, optic gliomas, Lisch nodules, or tumor predisposition. The SPRED1 gene encodes a negative regulator of the RAS-MAPK pathway, similar to neurofibromin, and thus may be considered a RASopathy (review by Brems et al., 2012).  http://www.omim.org/entry/611431
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Legius syndrome is a condition characterized by changes in skin coloring (pigmentation). Almost all affected individuals have multiple café-au-lait spots, which are flat patches on the skin that are darker than the surrounding area. Another pigmentation change, freckles in the armpits and groin, may occur in some affected individuals.

Other signs and symptoms of Legius syndrome may include an abnormally large head (macrocephaly) and unusual facial characteristics. Although most people with Legius syndrome have normal intelligence, some affected individuals have been diagnosed with learning disabilities, attention-deficit disorder (ADD), or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Many of the signs and symptoms of Legius syndrome also occur in a similar disorder called neurofibromatosis type 1. It can be difficult to tell the two disorders apart in early childhood. However, the features of the two disorders differ later in life.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/legius-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Multiple lipomas
MedGen UID:
677074
Concept ID:
C0745730
Finding
The presence of multiple lipomas (a type of benign tissue made of fatty tissue).
Supravalvular pulmonary stenosis
MedGen UID:
481842
Concept ID:
C3280212
Congenital Abnormality
A cardiovascular malformation associated with narrowing at the level of the pulmonary sinotubular junction above the pulmonic valve.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Posteriorly rotated ears
MedGen UID:
96566
Concept ID:
C0431478
Congenital Abnormality
A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).
Neurofibroma
MedGen UID:
45058
Concept ID:
C0027830
Neoplastic Process
A benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor that generally appears as a soft, skin-colored papule or small subcutaneous nodule. Individuals with neurofibromatosis can have numerous neurofibromas.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
MedGen UID:
220387
Concept ID:
C1263846
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Some people with ADHD have problems with only inattention or with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but most have problems related to all three features.\n\nIn people with ADHD, the characteristic behaviors are frequent and severe enough to interfere with the activities of daily living such as school, work, and relationships with others. Because of an inability to stay focused on tasks, people with inattention may be easily distracted, forgetful, avoid tasks that require sustained attention, have difficulty organizing tasks, or frequently lose items.\n\nHyperactivity is usually shown by frequent movement. Individuals with this feature often fidget or tap their foot when seated, leave their seat when it is inappropriate to do so (such as in the classroom), or talk a lot and interrupt others.\n\nIn most affected individuals, ADHD continues throughout life, but in about one-third of individuals, signs and symptoms of ADHD go away by adulthood.\n\nImpulsivity can result in hasty actions without thought for the consequences. Individuals with poor impulse control may have difficulty waiting for their turn, deferring to others, or considering their actions before acting.\n\nMore than two-thirds of all individuals with ADHD have additional conditions, including insomnia, mood or anxiety disorders, learning disorders, or substance use disorders. Affected individuals may also have autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, or Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements or noises called tics.
Specific learning disability
MedGen UID:
871302
Concept ID:
C4025790
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Impairment of certain skills such as reading or writing, coordination, self-control, or attention that interfere with the ability to learn. The impairment is not related to a global deficiency of intelligence.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Pectus excavatum
MedGen UID:
781174
Concept ID:
C2051831
Finding
A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance.
Macrocephaly
MedGen UID:
745757
Concept ID:
C2243051
Finding
Occipitofrontal (head) circumference greater than 97th centile compared to appropriate, age matched, sex-matched normal standards. Alternatively, a apparently increased size of the cranium.
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Downslanted palpebral fissures
MedGen UID:
98391
Concept ID:
C0423110
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Short neck
MedGen UID:
99267
Concept ID:
C0521525
Finding
Diminished length of the neck.
Epicanthus
MedGen UID:
151862
Concept ID:
C0678230
Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Triangular face
MedGen UID:
324383
Concept ID:
C1835884
Finding
Facial contour, as viewed from the front, triangular in shape, with breadth at the temples and tapering to a narrow chin.
High, narrow palate
MedGen UID:
324787
Concept ID:
C1837404
Finding
The presence of a high and narrow palate.
Low posterior hairline
MedGen UID:
383755
Concept ID:
C1855728
Finding
Hair on the neck extends more inferiorly than usual.
Freckling
MedGen UID:
5272
Concept ID:
C0016689
Finding
The presence of an increased number of freckles, small circular spots on the skin that are darker than the surrounding skin because of deposits of melanin.
Cafe-au-lait spot
MedGen UID:
113157
Concept ID:
C0221263
Finding
Cafe-au-lait spots are hyperpigmented lesions that can vary in color from light brown to dark brown with smooth borders and having a size of 1.5 cm or more in adults and 0.5 cm or more in children.
Inguinal freckling
MedGen UID:
320315
Concept ID:
C1834297
Finding
The presence in the inguinal region (groin) of an increased number of freckles, small circular spots on the skin that are darker than the surrounding skin because of deposits of melanin.
Axillary freckling
MedGen UID:
348082
Concept ID:
C1860335
Finding
The presence in the axillary region (armpit) of an increased number of freckles, small circular spots on the skin that are darker than the surrounding skin because of deposits of melanin.
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
Concept ID:
C0005745
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Kavamura MI, Leoni C, Neri G
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2022 Dec;190(4):452-458. Epub 2022 Dec 21 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32027. PMID: 36541891
Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Cooper DN
Hum Genet 2022 Feb;141(2):177-191. Epub 2021 Dec 20 doi: 10.1007/s00439-021-02410-z. PMID: 34928431Free PMC Article
Legius E, Messiaen L, Wolkenstein P, Pancza P, Avery RA, Berman Y, Blakeley J, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Cunha KS, Ferner R, Fisher MJ, Friedman JM, Gutmann DH, Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Korf BR, Mautner VF, Peltonen S, Rauen KA, Riccardi V, Schorry E, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Stevenson DA, Tadini G, Ullrich NJ, Viskochil D, Wimmer K, Yohay K; International Consensus Group on Neurofibromatosis Diagnostic Criteria (I-NF-DC), Huson SM, Evans DG, Plotkin SR
Genet Med 2021 Aug;23(8):1506-1513. Epub 2021 May 19 doi: 10.1038/s41436-021-01170-5. PMID: 34012067Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Hebron KE, Hernandez ER, Yohe ME
Dis Model Mech 2022 Feb 1;15(2) Epub 2022 Feb 18 doi: 10.1242/dmm.049107. PMID: 35178568Free PMC Article
Palit A, Inamadar AC
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2022 May-Jun;88(4):452-463. doi: 10.25259/IJDVL_799_20. PMID: 35138057
Legius E, Messiaen L, Wolkenstein P, Pancza P, Avery RA, Berman Y, Blakeley J, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Cunha KS, Ferner R, Fisher MJ, Friedman JM, Gutmann DH, Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Korf BR, Mautner VF, Peltonen S, Rauen KA, Riccardi V, Schorry E, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Stevenson DA, Tadini G, Ullrich NJ, Viskochil D, Wimmer K, Yohay K; International Consensus Group on Neurofibromatosis Diagnostic Criteria (I-NF-DC), Huson SM, Evans DG, Plotkin SR
Genet Med 2021 Aug;23(8):1506-1513. Epub 2021 May 19 doi: 10.1038/s41436-021-01170-5. PMID: 34012067Free PMC Article
Rosser T
Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018 Feb;24(1, Child Neurology):96-129. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000562. PMID: 29432239
Rauen KA
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013;14:355-69. Epub 2013 Jul 15 doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153523. PMID: 23875798Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Scorrano G, David E, Calì E, Chimenz R, La Bella S, Di Ludovico A, Di Rosa G, Gitto E, Mankad K, Nardello R, Mangano GD, Leoni C, Ceravolo G
Genes (Basel) 2023 Nov 22;14(12) doi: 10.3390/genes14122111. PMID: 38136934Free PMC Article
Palit A, Inamadar AC
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2022 May-Jun;88(4):452-463. doi: 10.25259/IJDVL_799_20. PMID: 35138057
Legius E, Messiaen L, Wolkenstein P, Pancza P, Avery RA, Berman Y, Blakeley J, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Cunha KS, Ferner R, Fisher MJ, Friedman JM, Gutmann DH, Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Korf BR, Mautner VF, Peltonen S, Rauen KA, Riccardi V, Schorry E, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Stevenson DA, Tadini G, Ullrich NJ, Viskochil D, Wimmer K, Yohay K; International Consensus Group on Neurofibromatosis Diagnostic Criteria (I-NF-DC), Huson SM, Evans DG, Plotkin SR
Genet Med 2021 Aug;23(8):1506-1513. Epub 2021 May 19 doi: 10.1038/s41436-021-01170-5. PMID: 34012067Free PMC Article
Giugliano T, Santoro C, Torella A, Del Vecchio Blanco F, Grandone A, Onore ME, Melone MAB, Straccia G, Melis D, Piccolo V, Limongelli G, Buono S, Perrotta S, Nigro V, Piluso G
Genes (Basel) 2019 Jul 31;10(8) doi: 10.3390/genes10080580. PMID: 31370276Free PMC Article
Rosser T
Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018 Feb;24(1, Child Neurology):96-129. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000562. PMID: 29432239

Therapy

Rauen KA, Alsaegh A, Ben-Shachar S, Berman Y, Blakeley J, Cordeiro I, Elgersma Y, Evans DG, Fisher MJ, Frayling IM, George J, Huson SM, Kerr B, Khire U, Korf B, Legius E, Messiaen L, van Minkelen R, Nampoothiri S, Ngeow J, Parada LF, Phadke S, Pillai A, Plotkin SR, Puri R, Raji A, Ramesh V, Ratner N, Shankar SP, Sharda S, Tambe A, Vikkula M, Widemann BC, Wolkenstein P, Upadhyaya M
Am J Med Genet A 2019 Jun;179(6):1091-1097. Epub 2019 Mar 25 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61125. PMID: 30908877Free PMC Article
Rauen KA, Schoyer L, Schill L, Stronach B, Albeck J, Andresen BS, Cavé H, Ellis M, Fruchtman SM, Gelb BD, Gibson CC, Gripp K, Hefner E, Huang WYC, Itkin M, Kerr B, Linardic CM, McMahon M, Oberlander B, Perlstein E, Ratner N, Rogers L, Schenck A, Shankar S, Shvartsman S, Stevenson DA, Stites EC, Stork PJS, Sun C, Therrien M, Ullian EM, Widemann BC, Yeh E, Zampino G, Zenker M, Timmer W, McCormick F
Am J Med Genet A 2018 Dec;176(12):2924-2929. Epub 2018 Oct 10 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40632. PMID: 30302932Free PMC Article
Stevenson DA, Schill L, Schoyer L, Andresen BS, Bakker A, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Burkitt-Wright E, Chatfield K, Elefteriou F, Elgersma Y, Fisher MJ, Franz D, Gelb BD, Goriely A, Gripp KW, Hardan AY, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Kerr B, Korf B, Leoni C, McCormick F, Plotkin SR, Rauen KA, Reilly K, Roberts A, Sandler A, Siegel D, Walsh K, Widemann BC
Am J Med Genet A 2016 Aug;170(8):1959-66. Epub 2016 May 7 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37723. PMID: 27155140Free PMC Article
Rauen KA, Huson SM, Burkitt-Wright E, Evans DG, Farschtschi S, Ferner RE, Gutmann DH, Hanemann CO, Kerr B, Legius E, Parada LF, Patton M, Peltonen J, Ratner N, Riccardi VM, van der Vaart T, Vikkula M, Viskochil DH, Zenker M, Upadhyaya M
Am J Med Genet A 2015 Jan;167A(1):1-10. Epub 2014 Nov 12 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36793. PMID: 25393061Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Scorrano G, David E, Calì E, Chimenz R, La Bella S, Di Ludovico A, Di Rosa G, Gitto E, Mankad K, Nardello R, Mangano GD, Leoni C, Ceravolo G
Genes (Basel) 2023 Nov 22;14(12) doi: 10.3390/genes14122111. PMID: 38136934Free PMC Article
Motta M, Fasano G, Gredy S, Brinkmann J, Bonnard AA, Simsek-Kiper PO, Gulec EY, Essaddam L, Utine GE, Guarnetti Prandi I, Venditti M, Pantaleoni F, Radio FC, Ciolfi A, Petrini S, Consoli F, Vignal C, Hepbasli D, Ullrich M, de Boer E, Vissers LELM, Gritli S, Rossi C, De Luca A, Ben Becher S, Gelb BD, Dallapiccola B, Lauri A, Chillemi G, Schuh K, Cavé H, Zenker M, Tartaglia M
Am J Hum Genet 2021 Nov 4;108(11):2112-2129. Epub 2021 Oct 8 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.09.007. PMID: 34626534Free PMC Article
Suerink M, Ripperger T, Messiaen L, Menko FH, Bourdeaut F, Colas C, Jongmans M, Goldberg Y, Nielsen M, Muleris M, van Kouwen M, Slavc I, Kratz C, Vasen HF, Brugiѐres L, Legius E, Wimmer K
J Med Genet 2019 Feb;56(2):53-62. Epub 2018 Nov 10 doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105664. PMID: 30415209
Sakai N, Maeda T, Kawakami H, Uchiyama M, Harada K, Tsuboi R, Mitsuhashi Y
J Dermatol 2015 Jul;42(7):703-5. Epub 2015 May 18 doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.12862. PMID: 25981987
Niemeyer CM
Haematologica 2014 Nov;99(11):1653-62. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2014.114595. PMID: 25420281Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Pacot L, Burin des Roziers C, Laurendeau I, Briand-Suleau A, Coustier A, Mayard T, Tlemsani C, Faivre L, Thomas Q, Rodriguez D, Blesson S, Dollfus H, Muller YG, Parfait B, Vidaud M, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Yardin C, Dauriat B, Derancourt C, Vidaud D, Pasmant E
Genes (Basel) 2019 Aug 22;10(9) doi: 10.3390/genes10090633. PMID: 31443423Free PMC Article
Bernier A, Larbrisseau A, Perreault S
Pediatr Neurol 2016 Jul;60:24-29.e1. Epub 2016 Mar 19 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.03.003. PMID: 27212418
Hernández-Martín A, Duat-Rodríguez A
Actas Dermosifiliogr 2016 Jul-Aug;107(6):454-64. Epub 2016 Mar 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.01.004. PMID: 26979265
Krejci P
Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2014 Jan-Mar;759:40-8. Epub 2013 Dec 1 doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.11.001. PMID: 24295726
Denayer E, Descheemaeker MJ, Stewart DR, Keymolen K, Plasschaert E, Ruppert SL, Snow J, Thurm AE, Joseph LA, Fryns JP, Legius E
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2011 May 15;157C(2):123-8. Epub 2011 Apr 14 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30297. PMID: 21495177Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Bernier A, Larbrisseau A, Perreault S
Pediatr Neurol 2016 Jul;60:24-29.e1. Epub 2016 Mar 19 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.03.003. PMID: 27212418

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