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Extrapyramidal disease

MedGen UID:
41927
•Concept ID:
C0015371
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Extrapyramidal Disorder; Extrapyramidal Disorders
SNOMED CT: Extrapyramidal disease (76349003); Extrapyramidal disorder (76349003)

Definition

A movement disorder caused by defects in the basal ganglia. The clinical manifestations include changes in the muscle tone, dyskinesia, and akinesia. Causes include vascular disorders, degenerative disorders, and antipsychotic drugs. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Treatment of dysautonomia in extrapyramidal disorders.
Ziemssen T, Fuchs G, Greulich W, Reichmann H, Schwarz M, Herting B
J Neurol 2011 May;258(Suppl 2):S339-45. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-5946-8. PMID: 21560066
The pathogensis and medical treatment of extrapyramidal disease.
Calne DB, Eisler T
Med Clin North Am 1979 Jul;63(4):715-27. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31670-4. PMID: 157413
L-Dopa and the treatment of extrapyramidal disease.
Pelton EW 2nd, Chase TN
Adv Pharmacol Chemother 1975;13:253-304. doi: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60233-1. PMID: 1106161

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

The Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6.
Rentiya Z, Hutnik R, Mekkam YQ, Bae J
Cerebellum 2020 Jun;19(3):459-464. doi: 10.1007/s12311-020-01120-y. PMID: 32125675
The cold hand sign in multiple system atrophy: skin perfusion revisited.
Pietzarka K, Reimann M, Schmidt C, Herting B, Schöls L, Reichmann H, Berg D, Schrader C, Ziemssen T
J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010 Apr;117(4):475-9. Epub 2010 Feb 12 doi: 10.1007/s00702-010-0375-x. PMID: 20151311
Baroreflex sensitivity and power spectral analysis in different extrapyramidal syndromes.
Friedrich C, Rüdiger H, Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S, Junghanns S, Schweitzer K, Globas C, Schöls L, Berg D, Reichmann H, Ziemssen T
J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008 Nov;115(11):1527-36. Epub 2008 Sep 20 doi: 10.1007/s00702-008-0127-3. PMID: 18806923
How useful is [123I]beta-CIT SPECT in clinical practice?
Eerola J, Tienari PJ, Kaakkola S, Nikkinen P, Launes J
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 Sep;76(9):1211-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045237. PMID: 16107353Free PMC Article
Parkinson's disease in twins: a follow-up study.
Vieregge P, Hagenah J, Heberlein I, Klein C, Ludin HP
Neurology 1999 Aug 11;53(3):566-72. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.3.566. PMID: 10449122

Diagnosis

A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders.
Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL
J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022 Jun;129(5-6):505-520. Epub 2022 May 9 doi: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5. PMID: 35534717Free PMC Article
The Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6.
Rentiya Z, Hutnik R, Mekkam YQ, Bae J
Cerebellum 2020 Jun;19(3):459-464. doi: 10.1007/s12311-020-01120-y. PMID: 32125675
Treatment of dysautonomia in extrapyramidal disorders.
Ziemssen T, Fuchs G, Greulich W, Reichmann H, Schwarz M, Herting B
J Neurol 2011 May;258(Suppl 2):S339-45. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-5946-8. PMID: 21560066
Hereditary causes of disturbed iron homeostasis in the central nervous system.
Ponka P
Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004 Mar;1012:267-81. doi: 10.1196/annals.1306.022. PMID: 15105272
Epidemiology and clinical features of sleep disorders in extrapyramidal disease.
Brotini S, Gigli GL
Sleep Med 2004 Mar;5(2):169-79. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2003.10.012. PMID: 15033140

Therapy

Effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture in treating Parkinson disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analyses.
Xu W, OuYang S, Chi Z, Wang Z, Zhu D, Chen R, Zhong G, Zhang F, Zhou G, Duan S, Jiao L
Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 Mar 12;100(10):e25095. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000025095. PMID: 33725902Free PMC Article
How useful is [123I]beta-CIT SPECT in clinical practice?
Eerola J, Tienari PJ, Kaakkola S, Nikkinen P, Launes J
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 Sep;76(9):1211-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045237. PMID: 16107353Free PMC Article
Influence of dopamine and disease severity on primitive reflexes in Parkinson's disease.
Huber SJ, Paulson GW
Eur Neurol 1989;29(3):141-4. doi: 10.1159/000116397. PMID: 2731561
The pathogensis and medical treatment of extrapyramidal disease.
Calne DB, Eisler T
Med Clin North Am 1979 Jul;63(4):715-27. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31670-4. PMID: 157413
L-Dopa and the treatment of extrapyramidal disease.
Pelton EW 2nd, Chase TN
Adv Pharmacol Chemother 1975;13:253-304. doi: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60233-1. PMID: 1106161

Prognosis

Baroreflex sensitivity and power spectral analysis in different extrapyramidal syndromes.
Friedrich C, Rüdiger H, Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S, Junghanns S, Schweitzer K, Globas C, Schöls L, Berg D, Reichmann H, Ziemssen T
J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008 Nov;115(11):1527-36. Epub 2008 Sep 20 doi: 10.1007/s00702-008-0127-3. PMID: 18806923
Hereditary causes of disturbed iron homeostasis in the central nervous system.
Ponka P
Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004 Mar;1012:267-81. doi: 10.1196/annals.1306.022. PMID: 15105272
Rare causes of hereditary iron overload.
Ponka P
Semin Hematol 2002 Oct;39(4):249-62. doi: 10.1053/shem.2002.35638. PMID: 12382200
Dysphagia in progressive supranuclear palsy: radiologic features.
Leopold NA, Kagel MC
Dysphagia 1997 Summer;12(3):140-3. doi: 10.1007/PL00009528. PMID: 9190099
Early-onset dementia and extrapyramidal disease: clinicopathological variant of Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker or Alzheimer's disease?
Hart J Jr, Gordon B
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990 Nov;53(11):932-4. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.53.11.932. PMID: 2283522Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders.
Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL
J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022 Jun;129(5-6):505-520. Epub 2022 May 9 doi: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5. PMID: 35534717Free PMC Article
Treatment of dysautonomia in extrapyramidal disorders.
Ziemssen T, Fuchs G, Greulich W, Reichmann H, Schwarz M, Herting B
J Neurol 2011 May;258(Suppl 2):S339-45. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-5946-8. PMID: 21560066
Hereditary causes of disturbed iron homeostasis in the central nervous system.
Ponka P
Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004 Mar;1012:267-81. doi: 10.1196/annals.1306.022. PMID: 15105272
Rare causes of hereditary iron overload.
Ponka P
Semin Hematol 2002 Oct;39(4):249-62. doi: 10.1053/shem.2002.35638. PMID: 12382200
Dysphagia in progressive supranuclear palsy: radiologic features.
Leopold NA, Kagel MC
Dysphagia 1997 Summer;12(3):140-3. doi: 10.1007/PL00009528. PMID: 9190099

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