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Fungal infection of eye

MedGen UID:
41935
•Concept ID:
C0015405
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Eye Infection, Fungal; Eye Infections, Fungal; Fungal Eye Infection; Fungal Eye Infections; Fungal Ocular Infection; Fungal Ocular Infections; Infection, Fungal Eye; Infection, Fungal Ocular; Infection, Ocular Mycotic; Infections, Fungal Eye; Infections, Fungal Ocular; Infections, Ocular Mycotic; Mycoses, Ocular; Mycosis, Ocular; Mycotic Infection, Ocular; Mycotic Infections, Ocular; Ocular Infection, Fungal; Ocular Infections, Fungal; Ocular Mycoses; Ocular Mycosis; Ocular Mycotic Infection; Ocular Mycotic Infections; Oculomycoses; Oculomycosis
SNOMED CT: Fungal eye infection (31194008); Fungal infection of eye (31194008); Ocular mycosis (31194008)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0020944

Definition

Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses. [from MONDO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVFungal infection of eye

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Fungal keratitis: A review of clinical presentations, treatment strategies and outcomes.
Sharma N, Bagga B, Singhal D, Nagpal R, Kate A, Saluja G, Maharana PK
Ocul Surf 2022 Apr;24:22-30. Epub 2021 Dec 13 doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.12.001. PMID: 34915188
Update on the management of fungal keratitis.
Sha XY, Shi Q, Liu L, Zhong JX
Int Ophthalmol 2021 Sep;41(9):3249-3256. Epub 2021 Apr 30 doi: 10.1007/s10792-021-01873-3. PMID: 33929644
Update on the Management of Infectious Keratitis.
Austin A, Lietman T, Rose-Nussbaumer J
Ophthalmology 2017 Nov;124(11):1678-1689. Epub 2017 Sep 21 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.012. PMID: 28942073Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

American Academy of Ophthalmology Recommendations on Screening for Endogenous Candida Endophthalmitis.
Breazzano MP, Bond JB 3rd, Bearelly S, Kim DH, Donahue SP, Lum F, Olsen TW; American Academy of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology 2022 Jan;129(1):73-76. Epub 2021 Jul 19 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.07.015. PMID: 34293405
Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India - Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1.
Sen M, Honavar SG, Bansal R, Sengupta S, Rao R, Kim U, Sharma M, Sachdev M, Grover AK, Surve A, Budharapu A, Ramadhin AK, Tripathi AK, Gupta A, Bhargava A, Sahu A, Khairnar A, Kochar A, Madhavani A, Shrivastava AK, Desai AK, Paul A, Ayyar A, Bhatnagar A, Singhal A, Nikose AS, Bhargava A, Tenagi AL, Kamble A, Nariani A, Patel B, Kashyap B, Dhawan B, Vohra B, Mandke C, Thrishulamurthy C, Sambare C, Sarkar D, Mankad DS, Maheshwari D, Lalwani D, Kanani D, Patel D, Manjandavida FP, Godhani F, Agarwal GA, Ravulaparthi G, Shilpa GV, Deshpande G, Thakkar H, Shah H, Ojha HR, Jani H, Gontia J, Mishrikotkar JP, Likhari K, Prajapati K, Porwal K, Koka K, Dharawat KS, Ramamurthy LB, Bhattacharyya M, Saini M, Christy MC, Das M, Hada M, Panchal M, Pandharpurkar M, Ali MO, Porwal M, Gangashetappa N, Mehrotra N, Bijlani N, Gajendragadkar N, Nagarkar NM, Modi P, Rewri P, Sao P, Patil PS, Giri P, Kapadia P, Yadav P, Bhagat P, Parekh R, Dyaberi R, Chauhan RS, Kaur R, Duvesh RK, Murthy R, Dandu RV, Kathiara R, Beri R, Pandit R, Rani RH, Gupta R, Pherwani R, Sapkal R, Mehta R, Tadepalli S, Fatima S, Karmarkar S, Patil SS, Shah S, Shah S, Shah S, Dubey S, Gandhi S, Kanakpur S, Mohan S, Bhomaj S, Kerkar S, Jariwala S, Sahu S, Tara S, Maru SK, Jhavar S, Sharma S, Gupta S, Kumari S, Das S, Menon S, Burkule S, Nisar SP, Kaliaperumal S, Rao S, Pakrasi S, Rathod S, Biradar SG, Kumar S, Dutt S, Bansal S, Ravani SA, Lohiya S, Ali Rizvi SW, Gokhale T, Lahane TP, Vukkadala T, Grover T, Bhesaniya T, Chawla U, Singh U, Une VL, Nandedkar V, Subramaniam V, Eswaran V, Chaudhry VN, Rangarajan V, Dehane V, Sahasrabudhe VM, Sowjanya Y, Tupkary Y, Phadke Y; members of the Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC) Study Group
Indian J Ophthalmol 2021 Jul;69(7):1670-1692. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1565_21. PMID: 34156034Free PMC Article
Fungal keratitis: An overview of clinical and laboratory aspects.
Mahmoudi S, Masoomi A, Ahmadikia K, Tabatabaei SA, Soleimani M, Rezaie S, Ghahvechian H, Banafsheafshan A
Mycoses 2018 Dec;61(12):916-930. Epub 2018 Jul 27 doi: 10.1111/myc.12822. PMID: 29992633
Fungal keratitis.
Bourcier T, Sauer A, Dory A, Denis J, Sabou M
J Fr Ophtalmol 2017 Nov;40(9):e307-e313. Epub 2017 Oct 4 doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.001. PMID: 28987448
Infections after keratoprosthesis.
Davies E, Chodosh J
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016 Jul;27(4):373-7. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000270. PMID: 27138637

Diagnosis

American Academy of Ophthalmology Recommendations on Screening for Endogenous Candida Endophthalmitis.
Breazzano MP, Bond JB 3rd, Bearelly S, Kim DH, Donahue SP, Lum F, Olsen TW; American Academy of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology 2022 Jan;129(1):73-76. Epub 2021 Jul 19 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.07.015. PMID: 34293405
Fungal keratitis: An overview of clinical and laboratory aspects.
Mahmoudi S, Masoomi A, Ahmadikia K, Tabatabaei SA, Soleimani M, Rezaie S, Ghahvechian H, Banafsheafshan A
Mycoses 2018 Dec;61(12):916-930. Epub 2018 Jul 27 doi: 10.1111/myc.12822. PMID: 29992633
Fungal keratitis.
Bourcier T, Sauer A, Dory A, Denis J, Sabou M
J Fr Ophtalmol 2017 Nov;40(9):e307-e313. Epub 2017 Oct 4 doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.001. PMID: 28987448
Infections after keratoprosthesis.
Davies E, Chodosh J
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016 Jul;27(4):373-7. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000270. PMID: 27138637
Fungal endophthalmitis.
Chhablani J
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011 Dec;9(12):1191-201. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.139. PMID: 22114969

Therapy

Fungal keratitis: An overview of clinical and laboratory aspects.
Mahmoudi S, Masoomi A, Ahmadikia K, Tabatabaei SA, Soleimani M, Rezaie S, Ghahvechian H, Banafsheafshan A
Mycoses 2018 Dec;61(12):916-930. Epub 2018 Jul 27 doi: 10.1111/myc.12822. PMID: 29992633
Fungal keratitis.
Bourcier T, Sauer A, Dory A, Denis J, Sabou M
J Fr Ophtalmol 2017 Nov;40(9):e307-e313. Epub 2017 Oct 4 doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.001. PMID: 28987448
Update on the Management of Infectious Keratitis.
Austin A, Lietman T, Rose-Nussbaumer J
Ophthalmology 2017 Nov;124(11):1678-1689. Epub 2017 Sep 21 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.012. PMID: 28942073Free PMC Article
Trabeculectomy bleb-associated infections.
Razeghinejad MR, Havens SJ, Katz LJ
Surv Ophthalmol 2017 Sep-Oct;62(5):591-610. Epub 2017 Feb 8 doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.01.009. PMID: 28188728
Fungal endophthalmitis.
Chhablani J
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011 Dec;9(12):1191-201. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.139. PMID: 22114969

Prognosis

American Academy of Ophthalmology Recommendations on Screening for Endogenous Candida Endophthalmitis.
Breazzano MP, Bond JB 3rd, Bearelly S, Kim DH, Donahue SP, Lum F, Olsen TW; American Academy of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology 2022 Jan;129(1):73-76. Epub 2021 Jul 19 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.07.015. PMID: 34293405
Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India - Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1.
Sen M, Honavar SG, Bansal R, Sengupta S, Rao R, Kim U, Sharma M, Sachdev M, Grover AK, Surve A, Budharapu A, Ramadhin AK, Tripathi AK, Gupta A, Bhargava A, Sahu A, Khairnar A, Kochar A, Madhavani A, Shrivastava AK, Desai AK, Paul A, Ayyar A, Bhatnagar A, Singhal A, Nikose AS, Bhargava A, Tenagi AL, Kamble A, Nariani A, Patel B, Kashyap B, Dhawan B, Vohra B, Mandke C, Thrishulamurthy C, Sambare C, Sarkar D, Mankad DS, Maheshwari D, Lalwani D, Kanani D, Patel D, Manjandavida FP, Godhani F, Agarwal GA, Ravulaparthi G, Shilpa GV, Deshpande G, Thakkar H, Shah H, Ojha HR, Jani H, Gontia J, Mishrikotkar JP, Likhari K, Prajapati K, Porwal K, Koka K, Dharawat KS, Ramamurthy LB, Bhattacharyya M, Saini M, Christy MC, Das M, Hada M, Panchal M, Pandharpurkar M, Ali MO, Porwal M, Gangashetappa N, Mehrotra N, Bijlani N, Gajendragadkar N, Nagarkar NM, Modi P, Rewri P, Sao P, Patil PS, Giri P, Kapadia P, Yadav P, Bhagat P, Parekh R, Dyaberi R, Chauhan RS, Kaur R, Duvesh RK, Murthy R, Dandu RV, Kathiara R, Beri R, Pandit R, Rani RH, Gupta R, Pherwani R, Sapkal R, Mehta R, Tadepalli S, Fatima S, Karmarkar S, Patil SS, Shah S, Shah S, Shah S, Dubey S, Gandhi S, Kanakpur S, Mohan S, Bhomaj S, Kerkar S, Jariwala S, Sahu S, Tara S, Maru SK, Jhavar S, Sharma S, Gupta S, Kumari S, Das S, Menon S, Burkule S, Nisar SP, Kaliaperumal S, Rao S, Pakrasi S, Rathod S, Biradar SG, Kumar S, Dutt S, Bansal S, Ravani SA, Lohiya S, Ali Rizvi SW, Gokhale T, Lahane TP, Vukkadala T, Grover T, Bhesaniya T, Chawla U, Singh U, Une VL, Nandedkar V, Subramaniam V, Eswaran V, Chaudhry VN, Rangarajan V, Dehane V, Sahasrabudhe VM, Sowjanya Y, Tupkary Y, Phadke Y; members of the Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC) Study Group
Indian J Ophthalmol 2021 Jul;69(7):1670-1692. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1565_21. PMID: 34156034Free PMC Article
Fungal keratitis.
Bourcier T, Sauer A, Dory A, Denis J, Sabou M
J Fr Ophtalmol 2017 Nov;40(9):e307-e313. Epub 2017 Oct 4 doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.001. PMID: 28987448
Trabeculectomy bleb-associated infections.
Razeghinejad MR, Havens SJ, Katz LJ
Surv Ophthalmol 2017 Sep-Oct;62(5):591-610. Epub 2017 Feb 8 doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.01.009. PMID: 28188728
Fungal endophthalmitis.
Chhablani J
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011 Dec;9(12):1191-201. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.139. PMID: 22114969

Clinical prediction guides

Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India - Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1.
Sen M, Honavar SG, Bansal R, Sengupta S, Rao R, Kim U, Sharma M, Sachdev M, Grover AK, Surve A, Budharapu A, Ramadhin AK, Tripathi AK, Gupta A, Bhargava A, Sahu A, Khairnar A, Kochar A, Madhavani A, Shrivastava AK, Desai AK, Paul A, Ayyar A, Bhatnagar A, Singhal A, Nikose AS, Bhargava A, Tenagi AL, Kamble A, Nariani A, Patel B, Kashyap B, Dhawan B, Vohra B, Mandke C, Thrishulamurthy C, Sambare C, Sarkar D, Mankad DS, Maheshwari D, Lalwani D, Kanani D, Patel D, Manjandavida FP, Godhani F, Agarwal GA, Ravulaparthi G, Shilpa GV, Deshpande G, Thakkar H, Shah H, Ojha HR, Jani H, Gontia J, Mishrikotkar JP, Likhari K, Prajapati K, Porwal K, Koka K, Dharawat KS, Ramamurthy LB, Bhattacharyya M, Saini M, Christy MC, Das M, Hada M, Panchal M, Pandharpurkar M, Ali MO, Porwal M, Gangashetappa N, Mehrotra N, Bijlani N, Gajendragadkar N, Nagarkar NM, Modi P, Rewri P, Sao P, Patil PS, Giri P, Kapadia P, Yadav P, Bhagat P, Parekh R, Dyaberi R, Chauhan RS, Kaur R, Duvesh RK, Murthy R, Dandu RV, Kathiara R, Beri R, Pandit R, Rani RH, Gupta R, Pherwani R, Sapkal R, Mehta R, Tadepalli S, Fatima S, Karmarkar S, Patil SS, Shah S, Shah S, Shah S, Dubey S, Gandhi S, Kanakpur S, Mohan S, Bhomaj S, Kerkar S, Jariwala S, Sahu S, Tara S, Maru SK, Jhavar S, Sharma S, Gupta S, Kumari S, Das S, Menon S, Burkule S, Nisar SP, Kaliaperumal S, Rao S, Pakrasi S, Rathod S, Biradar SG, Kumar S, Dutt S, Bansal S, Ravani SA, Lohiya S, Ali Rizvi SW, Gokhale T, Lahane TP, Vukkadala T, Grover T, Bhesaniya T, Chawla U, Singh U, Une VL, Nandedkar V, Subramaniam V, Eswaran V, Chaudhry VN, Rangarajan V, Dehane V, Sahasrabudhe VM, Sowjanya Y, Tupkary Y, Phadke Y; members of the Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC) Study Group
Indian J Ophthalmol 2021 Jul;69(7):1670-1692. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1565_21. PMID: 34156034Free PMC Article
The global incidence and diagnosis of fungal keratitis.
Brown L, Leck AK, Gichangi M, Burton MJ, Denning DW
Lancet Infect Dis 2021 Mar;21(3):e49-e57. Epub 2020 Oct 22 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30448-5. PMID: 33645500
Fusarium: The versatile pathogen.
Tupaki-Sreepurna A, Kindo AJ
Indian J Med Microbiol 2018 Jan-Mar;36(1):8-17. doi: 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_16_24. PMID: 29735820
Endophthalmitis: Then and Now.
Relhan N, Forster RK, Flynn HW Jr
Am J Ophthalmol 2018 Mar;187:xx-xxvii. Epub 2017 Dec 5 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.11.021. PMID: 29217351Free PMC Article
Cryptococcosis.
Negroni R
Clin Dermatol 2012 Nov-Dec;30(6):599-609. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.005. PMID: 23068147

Recent systematic reviews

Prevalence of Ocular Candidiasis and Candida Endophthalmitis in Patients With Candidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Phongkhun K, Pothikamjorn T, Srisurapanont K, Manothummetha K, Sanguankeo A, Thongkam A, Chuleerarux N, Leksuwankun S, Meejun T, Thanakitcharu J, Walker M, Gopinath S, Torvorapanit P, Langsiri N, Worasilchai N, Moonla C, Plongla R, Kates OS, Nematollahi S, Permpalung N
Clin Infect Dis 2023 May 24;76(10):1738-1749. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad064. PMID: 36750934Free PMC Article
Distribution, Prevalence, and Causative Agents of Fungal Keratitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (1990 to 2020).
Ahmadikia K, Aghaei Gharehbolagh S, Fallah B, Naeimi Eshkaleti M, Malekifar P, Rahsepar S, Getso MI, Sharma S, Mahmoudi S
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021;11:698780. Epub 2021 Aug 26 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698780. PMID: 34513726Free PMC Article
Medical interventions for fungal keratitis.
FlorCruz NV, Peczon IV, Evans JR
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD004241. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004241.pub3. PMID: 22336802
Ocular candidiasis: a review.
Shah CP, McKey J, Spirn MJ, Maguire J
Br J Ophthalmol 2008 Apr;92(4):466-8. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2007.133405. PMID: 18369061
Infectious keratitis: what have we learned?
Levy B
Eye Contact Lens 2007 Nov;33(6 Pt 2):418-20; discussion 424-5. doi: 10.1097/ICL.0b013e318157f1df. PMID: 17975437

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