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Halitosis

MedGen UID:
42326
•Concept ID:
C0018520
•
Sign or Symptom
Synonym: Halitoses
SNOMED CT: Smelly breath (79879001); Bad breath - halitosis (79879001); Breath smells offensive (79879001); Foul breath (79879001); Bad breath (79879001); Fetor oris (79879001); Fetor ex ore (79879001); Stomatodysodia (79879001); Breath smells unpleasant (79879001)
 
HPO: HP:0100812

Definition

Noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHalitosis

Conditions with this feature

Hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency
MedGen UID:
75700
•Concept ID:
C0268621
•
Disease or Syndrome
Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in isolated hypermethioninemia. Most patients have no clinical abnormalities, although some with the autosomal recessive form have have neurologic abnormalities (Mudd et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2016).
See: Condition Record
Extraoral halitosis due to methanethiol oxidase deficiency
MedGen UID:
1648340
•Concept ID:
C4748387
•
Disease or Syndrome
Extraoral halitosis due to methanethiol oxidase deficiency (EHMTO) is a malodor syndrome resulting from an inborn error of metabolism. Breath odor is cabbage-like and results from high levels of methanethiol and dimethylsulfide in breath. Elevated urinary excretion of dimethylsulfone (DMSO2) is diagnostic (Pol et al., 2018).
See: Condition Record
Extraoral halitosis due to methanethiol oxidase deficiency
Hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Oral Microbiota Changes during Orthodontic Treatment.
Santonocito S, Polizzi A
Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2022 Jul 27;14(3):19. doi: 10.31083/j.fbe1403019. PMID: 36137992
Clinical utility of ozone therapy in dental and oral medicine.
Suh Y, Patel S, Kaitlyn R, Gandhi J, Joshi G, Smith NL, Khan SA
Med Gas Res 2019 Jul-Sep;9(3):163-167. doi: 10.4103/2045-9912.266997. PMID: 31552882Free PMC Article
Evidence-based recommendation on toothpaste use.
Cury JA, Tenuta LM
Braz Oral Res 2014;28 Spec No:1-7. Epub 2014 Jan 24 doi: 10.1590/S1806-83242014.50000001. PMID: 24554097

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Common Oral Lesions.
Randall DA, Wilson Westmark NL, Neville BW
Am Fam Physician 2022 Apr 1;105(4):369-376. PMID: 35426641
Tobacco Use and Oral Health.
Ford PJ, Rich AM
Addiction 2021 Dec;116(12):3531-3540. Epub 2021 Apr 25 doi: 10.1111/add.15513. PMID: 33822437
Current Indications for Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy.
Randall DA
J Am Board Fam Med 2020 Nov-Dec;33(6):1025-1030. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200038. PMID: 33219085
Chapter 6: Vitamins and Oral Health.
Gutierrez Gossweiler A, Martinez-Mier EA
Monogr Oral Sci 2020;28:59-67. Epub 2019 Nov 7 doi: 10.1159/000455372. PMID: 31940621
Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment - a review of the literature.
Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L
Aust Dent J 2020 Mar;65(1):4-11. Epub 2019 Nov 15 doi: 10.1111/adj.12725. PMID: 31610030

Diagnosis

Common Oral Lesions.
Randall DA, Wilson Westmark NL, Neville BW
Am Fam Physician 2022 Apr 1;105(4):369-376. PMID: 35426641
Halitosis.
Ortiz V, Filippi A
Monogr Oral Sci 2021;29:195-200. Epub 2020 Dec 21 doi: 10.1159/000510192. PMID: 33427224
Current Indications for Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy.
Randall DA
J Am Board Fam Med 2020 Nov-Dec;33(6):1025-1030. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200038. PMID: 33219085
Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment - a review of the literature.
Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L
Aust Dent J 2020 Mar;65(1):4-11. Epub 2019 Nov 15 doi: 10.1111/adj.12725. PMID: 31610030
Oral care.
Hitz Lindenmüller I, Lambrecht JT
Curr Probl Dermatol 2011;40:107-115. Epub 2011 Feb 10 doi: 10.1159/000321060. PMID: 21325845

Therapy

Halitosis and photodynamic therapy.
Javed F
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020 Dec;32:102006. Epub 2020 Sep 17 doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102006. PMID: 32950729
Probiotics as an Adjunct Therapy for the Treatment of Halitosis, Dental Caries and Periodontitis.
Bustamante M, Oomah BD, Mosi-Roa Y, Rubilar M, Burgos-Díaz C
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020 Jun;12(2):325-334. doi: 10.1007/s12602-019-9521-4. PMID: 30729452
Interventions for managing halitosis.
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092Free PMC Article
Clinical utility of ozone therapy in dental and oral medicine.
Suh Y, Patel S, Kaitlyn R, Gandhi J, Joshi G, Smith NL, Khan SA
Med Gas Res 2019 Jul-Sep;9(3):163-167. doi: 10.4103/2045-9912.266997. PMID: 31552882Free PMC Article
Diet and halitosis.
Porter SR
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011 Sep;14(5):463-8. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328348c054. PMID: 21673571

Prognosis

Tobacco Use and Oral Health.
Ford PJ, Rich AM
Addiction 2021 Dec;116(12):3531-3540. Epub 2021 Apr 25 doi: 10.1111/add.15513. PMID: 33822437
Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors.
Milanesi FC, Kauer B, Wagner TP, Daudt LD, Haas AN
Braz Oral Res 2016 Aug 22;30(1):e71. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0071. PMID: 27556677
Black hairy tongue syndrome.
Gurvits GE, Tan A
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Aug 21;20(31):10845-50. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMID: 25152586Free PMC Article
Halitosis.
Scully Cbe C, Porter S
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Jul 17;2008 PMID: 19445739Free PMC Article
Indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
Darrow DH, Siemens C
Laryngoscope 2002 Aug;112(8 Pt 2 Suppl 100):6-10. doi: 10.1002/lary.5541121404. PMID: 12172229

Clinical prediction guides

Common Oral Conditions: A Review.
Stoopler ET, Villa A, Bindakhil M, Díaz DLO, Sollecito TP
JAMA 2024 Mar 26;331(12):1045-1054. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0953. PMID: 38530258
Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Huang N, Li J, Qiao X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wu C, Li L
BMJ Open 2022 Dec 20;12(12):e060753. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060753. PMID: 36600415Free PMC Article
Common Oral Lesions.
Randall DA, Wilson Westmark NL, Neville BW
Am Fam Physician 2022 Apr 1;105(4):369-376. PMID: 35426641
Interventions for managing halitosis.
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092Free PMC Article
Halitosis.
Scully Cbe C, Porter S
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Jul 17;2008 PMID: 19445739Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket).
Daly BJ, Sharif MO, Jones K, Worthington HV, Beattie A
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Sep 26;9(9):CD006968. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3. PMID: 36156769Free PMC Article
Drug-related Halitosis: A Systematic Review.
Mortazavi H, Rahbani Nobar B, Shafiei S
Oral Health Prev Dent 2020 Jul 4;18:399-407. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a44679. PMID: 32515409
Regenerative surgical treatment of furcation defects: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Jepsen S, Gennai S, Hirschfeld J, Kalemaj Z, Buti J, Graziani F
J Clin Periodontol 2020 Jul;47 Suppl 22:352-374. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13238. PMID: 31860125
Interventions for managing halitosis.
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092Free PMC Article
Halitosis.
Scully Cbe C, Porter S
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Jul 17;2008 PMID: 19445739Free PMC Article

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