An increased concentration of glucose in the urine.

Abnormally high level of calcium in the urine.

Increased levels of protein in the urine.

Abnormal function of the renal tubule. The basic functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, consists of a renal corpuscle attached to a renal tubule, with roughly 0.8 to 1.5 nephrons per adult kidney. The functions of the renal tubule include reabsorption of water, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids and secretion of substances such as uric acid.

High levels of ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone) in the urine. Ketone bodies are insignificant in the blood and urine of normal individuals in the postprandial or overnight-fasted state.

An increased excretion of phosphates in the urine.

An increased concentration of all types of amino acid in the urine.

Increased level of beta 2-microglobulins in the urine.

Slow or limited growth after birth.

Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.

Distention of the abdomen.

Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in the small bile ducts within the liver.

Abnormally increased size of the liver.

A reduced desire to eat.

Impaired ability to absorb one or more nutrients from the intestine.

A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.

Osteomalacia is a general term for bone weakness owing to a defect in mineralization of the protein framework known as osteoid. This defective mineralization is mainly caused by lack in vitamin D. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets.

Rickets is divided into two major categories including calcipenic and phosphopenic. Hypophosphatemia is described as a common manifestation of both categories. Hypophosphatemic rickets is the most common type of rickets that is characterized by low levels of serum phosphate, resistance to ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D intake. There are several issues involved in hypophosphatemic rickets such as calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus deficiencies. Moreover, other disorder can be associated with its occurrence such as absorption defects due to pancreatic, intestinal, gastric, and renal disorders and hepatobiliary disease. Symptoms are usually seen in childhood and can be varied in severity. Severe forms may be linked to bowing of the legs, poor bone growth, and short stature as well as joint and bone pain. Hypophosphatemic rickets are associated with renal excretion of phosphate, hypophosphatemia, and mineral defects in bones. The familial type of the disease is the most common type of rickets.

A reduced amount of fat tissue in the lowest layer of the integument. This feature can be appreciated by a reduced skinfold thickness.

Abnormal acid accumulation or depletion of base.

An abnormally decreased potassium concentration in the blood.

An abnormally decreased phosphate concentration in the blood.

The concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the blood circulation is above the upper limit of normal.

An abnormally high concentration in the circulation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

An abnormally low level of uric acid in the blood.

HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.

An increased amount of bilirubin in the blood.

Abnormally increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase activity.

Longstanding abnormal acid accumulation or depletion of base.

An increased concentration of glucose in the blood following a meal.

An impairment of galactose metabolism.

An increase in the concentration of bile acid in the blood.

Elevated concentration of galactose in the blood.

Increased level of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). GGT is mainly present in kidney, liver, and pancreatic cells, but small amounts are present in other tissues.