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Elevated cholesterol ester level

MedGen UID:
713473
•Concept ID:
C1291155
•
Finding
Synonym: Increased cholesterol esters
SNOMED CT: Increased cholesterol esters (124054003); Cholesterol esters above reference range (124054003)
 
HPO: HP:0031211

Definition

An elevated concentration of circulating cholesterol esters, which are fatty acid esters of cholesterol and make up about two-thirds of total plasma cholesterol. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Advances in Treatment of Dyslipidemia.
Dybiec J, Baran W, Dąbek B, Fularski P, Młynarska E, Radzioch E, Rysz J, Franczyk B
Int J Mol Sci 2023 Aug 27;24(17) doi: 10.3390/ijms241713288. PMID: 37686091Free PMC Article
Advances in the management of dyslipidemia.
Kampangkaew J, Pickett S, Nambi V
Curr Opin Cardiol 2017 Jul;32(4):348-355. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000415. PMID: 28505047
Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management.
Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Roden M, Stein E, Tokgözoğlu L, Nordestgaard BG, Bruckert E, De Backer G, Krauss RM, Laufs U, Santos RD, Hegele RA, Hovingh GK, Leiter LA, Mach F, März W, Newman CB, Wiklund O, Jacobson TA, Catapano AL, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel
Eur Heart J 2015 May 1;36(17):1012-22. Epub 2015 Feb 18 doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv043. PMID: 25694464Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Advances in Treatment of Dyslipidemia.
Dybiec J, Baran W, Dąbek B, Fularski P, Młynarska E, Radzioch E, Rysz J, Franczyk B
Int J Mol Sci 2023 Aug 27;24(17) doi: 10.3390/ijms241713288. PMID: 37686091Free PMC Article
Emerging Pharmacotherapy to Reduce Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Plasma Levels.
Eraikhuemen N, Lazaridis D, Dutton MT
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2021 May;21(3):255-265. doi: 10.1007/s40256-020-00437-7. PMID: 32929693Free PMC Article
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia.
Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, Doyle RT Jr, Juliano RA, Jiao L, Granowitz C, Tardif JC, Ballantyne CM; REDUCE-IT Investigators
N Engl J Med 2019 Jan 3;380(1):11-22. Epub 2018 Nov 10 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792. PMID: 30415628
Potential benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid on atherosclerotic plaques.
Nelson JR, Wani O, May HT, Budoff M
Vascul Pharmacol 2017 Apr;91:1-9. Epub 2017 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.02.004. PMID: 28263852
Novel pharmacotherapies of familial hyperlipidemia.
Drakopoulou M, Toutouzas K, Stefanadis C
Pharmacol Ther 2013 Sep;139(3):301-12. Epub 2013 Apr 29 doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.012. PMID: 23639874

Diagnosis

Understanding why REDUCE-IT was positive - Mechanistic overview of eicosapentaenoic acid.
Harris WS
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2019 Sep-Oct;62(5):401-405. Epub 2019 Oct 27 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.10.008. PMID: 31666183
Potential benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid on atherosclerotic plaques.
Nelson JR, Wani O, May HT, Budoff M
Vascul Pharmacol 2017 Apr;91:1-9. Epub 2017 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.02.004. PMID: 28263852
Screening and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia - Lessons from the past and opportunities for the future (based on the Anitschkow Lecture 2014).
Besseling J, Sjouke B, Kastelein JJ
Atherosclerosis 2015 Aug;241(2):597-606. Epub 2015 Jun 9 doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.011. PMID: 26115072
Lowering triglycerides to modify cardiovascular risk: will icosapent deliver?
Scherer DJ, Nicholls SJ
Vasc Health Risk Manag 2015;11:203-9. Epub 2015 Mar 25 doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S40134. PMID: 25848301Free PMC Article
Genetic and metabolic factors predicting risk of cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia.
Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, Wollersheim H, Kastelein JJ, Stalenhoef AF
Neth J Med 2001 Oct;59(4):184-95. doi: 10.1016/s0300-2977(01)00155-3. PMID: 11578794

Therapy

Emerging Pharmacotherapy to Reduce Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Plasma Levels.
Eraikhuemen N, Lazaridis D, Dutton MT
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2021 May;21(3):255-265. doi: 10.1007/s40256-020-00437-7. PMID: 32929693Free PMC Article
Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Diseases　- Revisited.
Jang AY, Han SH, Sohn IS, Oh PC, Koh KK
Circ J 2020 May 25;84(6):867-874. Epub 2020 Apr 24 doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0051. PMID: 32336721
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia.
Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, Doyle RT Jr, Juliano RA, Jiao L, Granowitz C, Tardif JC, Ballantyne CM; REDUCE-IT Investigators
N Engl J Med 2019 Jan 3;380(1):11-22. Epub 2018 Nov 10 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792. PMID: 30415628
New Therapeutic Approaches for Familial Hypercholesterolemia.
Ajufo E, Rader DJ
Annu Rev Med 2018 Jan 29;69:113-131. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-051215-030943. PMID: 29414257
Novel pharmacotherapies of familial hyperlipidemia.
Drakopoulou M, Toutouzas K, Stefanadis C
Pharmacol Ther 2013 Sep;139(3):301-12. Epub 2013 Apr 29 doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.012. PMID: 23639874

Prognosis

Mechanistic Insights from REDUCE-IT STRENGTHen the Case Against Triglyceride Lowering as a Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction.
Mason RP, Eckel RH
Am J Med 2021 Sep;134(9):1085-1090. Epub 2021 Apr 17 doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.014. PMID: 33864765
Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Diseases　- Revisited.
Jang AY, Han SH, Sohn IS, Oh PC, Koh KK
Circ J 2020 May 25;84(6):867-874. Epub 2020 Apr 24 doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0051. PMID: 32336721
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia.
Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, Doyle RT Jr, Juliano RA, Jiao L, Granowitz C, Tardif JC, Ballantyne CM; REDUCE-IT Investigators
N Engl J Med 2019 Jan 3;380(1):11-22. Epub 2018 Nov 10 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792. PMID: 30415628
Potential benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid on atherosclerotic plaques.
Nelson JR, Wani O, May HT, Budoff M
Vascul Pharmacol 2017 Apr;91:1-9. Epub 2017 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.02.004. PMID: 28263852
Gene polymorphism and coronary risk factors in Indian population.
Ashavaid TF, Shalia KK, Kondkar AA, Todur SP, Nair KG, Nair SR
Clin Chem Lab Med 2002 Oct;40(10):975-85. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2002.171. PMID: 12476935

Clinical prediction guides

Icosapent Ethyl: Niche Drug or for the Masses?
Bazarbashi N, Miller M
Curr Cardiol Rep 2020 Aug 8;22(10):104. doi: 10.1007/s11886-020-01356-4. PMID: 32770402
Highlights of Studies in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Presented at the 2020 American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Session.
Jia X, Al Rifai M, Liu J, Agarwala A, Gulati M, Virani SS
Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020 Jun 18;22(8):32. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-00856-6. PMID: 32556778Free PMC Article
Lysosomal acid lipase A and the hypercholesterolaemic phenotype.
Fouchier SW, Defesche JC
Curr Opin Lipidol 2013 Aug;24(4):332-8. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e328361f6c6. PMID: 23652569
Familial hypercholesterolemia: present and future management.
Sjouke B, Kusters DM, Kastelein JJ, Hovingh GK
Curr Cardiol Rep 2011 Dec;13(6):527-36. doi: 10.1007/s11886-011-0219-9. PMID: 21938413Free PMC Article
Plant sterols and blood lipid levels.
Lichtenstein AH
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002 Mar;5(2):147-52. doi: 10.1097/00075197-200203000-00005. PMID: 11844980

Recent systematic reviews

Efficacy and Safety of Evacetrapib for Modifying Plasma Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Guerrero-Romero F, Golledge J, Watts GF
Curr Pharm Des 2016;22(5):595-608. doi: 10.2174/1381612822666151125000035. PMID: 26601964
The comparative efficacy of plant sterols and stanols on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Talati R, Sobieraj DM, Makanji SS, Phung OJ, Coleman CI
J Am Diet Assoc 2010 May;110(5):719-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.011. PMID: 20430133

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