U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Galactorrhea

MedGen UID:
777088
•Concept ID:
C3665358
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Galactorrheas
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009256
OMIM®: 230300

Definition

Excessive secretion of breast milk. [from NCI]

Clinical features

From HPO
Abnormality of the genitourinary system
MedGen UID:
52948
•Concept ID:
C0042063
•
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of any abnormality of the genitourinary system.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Abnormal thorax morphology
MedGen UID:
867424
•Concept ID:
C4021797
•
Anatomical Abnormality
Any abnormality of the thorax (the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Galactorrhea not associated with childbirth
MedGen UID:
115998
•Concept ID:
C0235660
•
Disease or Syndrome
Spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Show allHide all

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVGalactorrhea

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Tritos NA, Miller KK
JAMA 2023 Apr 25;329(16):1386-1398. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.5444. PMID: 37097352
Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management.
Klein DA, Paradise SL, Reeder RM
Am Fam Physician 2019 Jul 1;100(1):39-48. PMID: 31259490
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Molitch ME
JAMA 2017 Feb 7;317(5):516-524. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.19699. PMID: 28170483

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management.
Klein DA, Paradise SL, Reeder RM
Am Fam Physician 2019 Jul 1;100(1):39-48. PMID: 31259490
Common Breast Problems.
Salzman B, Collins E, Hersh L
Am Fam Physician 2019 Apr 15;99(8):505-514. PMID: 30990294
Management of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma.
Chanson P, Raverot G, Castinetti F, Cortet-Rudelli C, Galland F, Salenave S; French Endocrinology Society non-functioning pituitary adenoma work-group
Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015 Jul;76(3):239-47. Epub 2015 Jun 10 doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.002. PMID: 26072284
Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Bostwick JR, Guthrie SK, Ellingrod VL
Pharmacotherapy 2009 Jan;29(1):64-73. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.1.64. PMID: 19113797
Hyperprolactinemia.
Biller BM
Int J Fertil Womens Med 1999 Mar-Apr;44(2):74-7. PMID: 10338264

Diagnosis

Prolactinomas.
Wildemberg LE, Fialho C, Gadelha MR
Presse Med 2021 Dec;50(4):104080. Epub 2021 Oct 21 doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104080. PMID: 34687915
Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management.
Klein DA, Paradise SL, Reeder RM
Am Fam Physician 2019 Jul 1;100(1):39-48. PMID: 31259490
Pitfalls in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Hyperprolactinemia.
Vilar L, Vilar CF, Lyra R, Freitas MDC
Neuroendocrinology 2019;109(1):7-19. Epub 2019 Mar 20 doi: 10.1159/000499694. PMID: 30889571
Hyperprolactinemia: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach.
Capozzi A, Scambia G, Pontecorvi A, Lello S
Gynecol Endocrinol 2015 Jul;31(7):506-10. Epub 2015 Jul 6 doi: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1017810. PMID: 26291795
Pituitary adenomas: an overview.
Lake MG, Krook LS, Cruz SV
Am Fam Physician 2013 Sep 1;88(5):319-27. PMID: 24010395

Therapy

Galactorrhea: Rapid Evidence Review.
Bruehlman RD, Winters S, McKittrick C
Am Fam Physician 2022 Dec;106(6):695-700. PMID: 36521467
Galactorrhea and Galactocele after Breast Augmentation: Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm.
Simão TS
Plast Reconstr Surg 2021 May 1;147(5):915e-916e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007870. PMID: 33885442
Methods and Success Factors of Induced Lactation: A Scoping Review.
Cazorla-Ortiz G, Obregón-Guitérrez N, Rozas-Garcia MR, Goberna-Tricas J
J Hum Lact 2020 Nov;36(4):739-749. Epub 2020 Sep 14 doi: 10.1177/0890334420950321. PMID: 32926655
Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Bostwick JR, Guthrie SK, Ellingrod VL
Pharmacotherapy 2009 Jan;29(1):64-73. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.1.64. PMID: 19113797
Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia.
Sakiyama R, Quan M
Obstet Gynecol Surv 1983 Dec;38(12):689-700. doi: 10.1097/00006254-198312000-00001. PMID: 6361641

Prognosis

Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas.
Chanson P, Wolf P
Presse Med 2021 Dec;50(4):104086. Epub 2021 Oct 28 doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104086. PMID: 34718111
Pathology of prolactinomas: any predictive value?
Lopes MBS
Pituitary 2020 Feb;23(1):3-8. doi: 10.1007/s11102-019-00997-1. PMID: 31641970
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Caused by Gonadotroph Pituitary Adenoma--Review.
Halupczok J, Kluba-Szyszka A, Bidzińska-Speichert B, Knychalski B
Adv Clin Exp Med 2015 Jul-Aug;24(4):695-703. doi: 10.17219/acem/25212. PMID: 26469116
Evaluation and management of galactorrhea.
Huang W, Molitch ME
Am Fam Physician 2012 Jun 1;85(11):1073-80. PMID: 22962879
Evaluation and treatment of galactorrhea.
Peña KS, Rosenfeld JA
Am Fam Physician 2001 May 1;63(9):1763-70. PMID: 11352287

Clinical prediction guides

Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Tritos NA, Miller KK
JAMA 2023 Apr 25;329(16):1386-1398. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.5444. PMID: 37097352
Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas.
Chanson P, Wolf P
Presse Med 2021 Dec;50(4):104086. Epub 2021 Oct 28 doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104086. PMID: 34718111
Pathology of prolactinomas: any predictive value?
Lopes MBS
Pituitary 2020 Feb;23(1):3-8. doi: 10.1007/s11102-019-00997-1. PMID: 31641970
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Molitch ME
JAMA 2017 Feb 7;317(5):516-524. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.19699. PMID: 28170483
Pituitary adenomas: an overview.
Lake MG, Krook LS, Cruz SV
Am Fam Physician 2013 Sep 1;88(5):319-27. PMID: 24010395

Recent systematic reviews

Drug-induced gynecomastia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Trinchieri A, Perletti G, Magri V, Stamatiou K, Trinchieri M, Montanari E
Arch Ital Urol Androl 2021 Dec 21;93(4):489-496. doi: 10.4081/aiua.2021.4.489. PMID: 34933535
Efficacy and safety in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Fachi MM, de Deus Bueno L, de Oliveira DC, da Silva LL, Bonetti AF
J Clin Pharm Ther 2021 Dec;46(6):1549-1556. Epub 2021 Jun 16 doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13460. PMID: 34137053
Galactorrhea/Galactocele After Breast Augmentation: A Systematic Review.
Sharma SC, Basu NN
Ann Plast Surg 2021 Jan;86(1):115-120. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002290. PMID: 32079808
Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wang AT, Mullan RJ, Lane MA, Hazem A, Prasad C, Gathaiya NW, Fernández-Balsells MM, Bagatto A, Coto-Yglesias F, Carey J, Elraiyah TA, Erwin PJ, Gandhi GY, Montori VM, Murad MH
Syst Rev 2012 Jul 24;1:33. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-33. PMID: 22828169Free PMC Article
The impact of opioids on the endocrine system.
Katz N, Mazer NA
Clin J Pain 2009 Feb;25(2):170-5. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181850df6. PMID: 19333165

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • GTR
      Related information in GTR
    • GTR(Clinical)
      Clinical tests in GTR
    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • OMIM
      Related records in OMIM
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed
    • PubMed (OMIM)
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...