U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Upper limb muscle hypertrophy

MedGen UID:
898044
•Concept ID:
C4280687
•
Finding
HPO: HP:0040265

Definition

Abnormal increase in muscle size and mass of one or both arms not due to training. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Bradykinin type 2 receptor -9/-9 genotype is associated with triceps brachii muscle hypertrophy following strength training in young healthy men.
Popadic Gacesa JZ, Momcilovic M, Veselinovic I, Brodie DA, Grujic NG
BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012 Nov 6;13:217. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-217. PMID: 23127247Free PMC Article
Relation between cardiac hypertrophy and forearm vascular structural changes before and during long-term antihypertensive treatment.
Agabiti-Rosei E, Muiesan ML, Geri A, Romanelli G, Montani G, Muiesan G
Am J Med 1988 Mar 11;84(3A):125-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90217-3. PMID: 2975461

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Free-Weight and Machine-Based Training Are Equally Effective on Strength and Hypertrophy: Challenging a Traditional Myth.
Hernández-Belmonte A, Martínez-Cava A, Buendía-Romero Á, Franco-López F, Pallarés JG
Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023 Dec 1;55(12):2316-2327. Epub 2023 Aug 2 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003271. PMID: 37535335
How many times per week should a muscle be trained to maximize muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the effects of resistance training frequency.
Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Krieger J
J Sports Sci 2019 Jun;37(11):1286-1295. Epub 2018 Dec 17 doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1555906. PMID: 30558493
Longer Interset Rest Periods Enhance Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men.
Schoenfeld BJ, Pope ZK, Benik FM, Hester GM, Sellers J, Nooner JL, Schnaiter JA, Bond-Williams KE, Carter AS, Ross CL, Just BL, Henselmans M, Krieger JW
J Strength Cond Res 2016 Jul;30(7):1805-12. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001272. PMID: 26605807
Effects of Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Well-Trained Men.
Schoenfeld BJ, Peterson MD, Ogborn D, Contreras B, Sonmez GT
J Strength Cond Res 2015 Oct;29(10):2954-63. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000958. PMID: 25853914
The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans.
Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R
Sports Med 2007;37(3):225-64. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004. PMID: 17326698

Diagnosis

Sensitivity Analysis of Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Models During Isometric and Isokinetic Tasks.
Diaz MT, Harley JB, Nichols JA
J Biomech Eng 2024 Feb 1;146(2) doi: 10.1115/1.4064056. PMID: 37978046Free PMC Article
Can muscle typology explain the inter-individual variability in resistance training adaptations?
Van Vossel K, Hardeel J, Van de Casteele F, Van der Stede T, Weyns A, Boone J, Blemker SS, Lievens E, Derave W
J Physiol 2023 Jun;601(12):2307-2327. Epub 2023 Apr 26 doi: 10.1113/JP284442. PMID: 37038845
Liposuction of Breast Cancer-Related Arm Lymphedema Reduces Fat and Muscle Hypertrophy.
Karlsson T, Karlsson M, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Brorson H
Lymphat Res Biol 2022 Feb;20(1):53-63. Epub 2021 Mar 2 doi: 10.1089/lrb.2020.0120. PMID: 33656374Free PMC Article
Upper limb congenital muscular hypertrophy and aberrant muscle syndrome in children.
Dahan E, Chaves C, Bachy M, Fitoussi F
J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018 Sep;43(7):751-755. Epub 2018 May 14 doi: 10.1177/1753193418774459. PMID: 29759027
Less common upper limb mononeuropathies.
Williams FH, Kumiga B
PM R 2013 May;5(5 Suppl):S22-30. Epub 2013 Mar 21 doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.03.021. PMID: 23523706

Therapy

Upper-extremity blood flow restriction: the proximal, distal, and contralateral effects-a randomized controlled trial.
Bowman EN, Elshaar R, Milligan H, Jue G, Mohr K, Brown P, Watanabe DM, Limpisvasti O
J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2020 Jun;29(6):1267-1274. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.003. PMID: 32423577
Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men.
Nunes JP, Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Tomeleri CM, Avelar A, Trindade MC, Nabuco HC, Cavalcante EF, Junior PS, Fernandes RR, Carvalho FO, Cyrino ES
Nutr Health 2017 Dec;23(4):223-229. doi: 10.1177/0260106017737013. PMID: 29214923
Longer Interset Rest Periods Enhance Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men.
Schoenfeld BJ, Pope ZK, Benik FM, Hester GM, Sellers J, Nooner JL, Schnaiter JA, Bond-Williams KE, Carter AS, Ross CL, Just BL, Henselmans M, Krieger JW
J Strength Cond Res 2016 Jul;30(7):1805-12. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001272. PMID: 26605807
Effects of Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Well-Trained Men.
Schoenfeld BJ, Peterson MD, Ogborn D, Contreras B, Sonmez GT
J Strength Cond Res 2015 Oct;29(10):2954-63. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000958. PMID: 25853914
Effects of different volume-equated resistance training loading strategies on muscular adaptations in well-trained men.
Schoenfeld BJ, Ratamess NA, Peterson MD, Contreras B, Sonmez GT, Alvar BA
J Strength Cond Res 2014 Oct;28(10):2909-18. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000480. PMID: 24714538

Prognosis

Sensitivity Analysis of Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Models During Isometric and Isokinetic Tasks.
Diaz MT, Harley JB, Nichols JA
J Biomech Eng 2024 Feb 1;146(2) doi: 10.1115/1.4064056. PMID: 37978046Free PMC Article
Accessory heads of biceps brachii muscle its embryogenesis and clinical implications: Cadaveric study.
Chakravarthi KK, Sarvepalli A, Siddegowda SK, Nelluri V
Ann Afr Med 2023 Jul-Sep;22(3):359-364. doi: 10.4103/aam.aam_93_22. PMID: 37417026Free PMC Article
Less common upper limb mononeuropathies.
Williams FH, Kumiga B
PM R 2013 May;5(5 Suppl):S22-30. Epub 2013 Mar 21 doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.03.021. PMID: 23523706
Clinical and morphological phenotype of the filamin myopathy: a study of 31 German patients.
Kley RA, Hellenbroich Y, van der Ven PF, Fürst DO, Huebner A, Bruchertseifer V, Peters SA, Heyer CM, Kirschner J, Schröder R, Fischer D, Müller K, Tolksdorf K, Eger K, Germing A, Brodherr T, Reum C, Walter MC, Lochmüller H, Ketelsen UP, Vorgerd M
Brain 2007 Dec;130(Pt 12):3250-64. doi: 10.1093/brain/awm271. PMID: 18055494
Ulnar neuropathy of the elbow.
Norkus SA, Meyers MC
Sports Med 1994 Mar;17(3):189-99. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199417030-00005. PMID: 8191176

Clinical prediction guides

Sensitivity Analysis of Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Models During Isometric and Isokinetic Tasks.
Diaz MT, Harley JB, Nichols JA
J Biomech Eng 2024 Feb 1;146(2) doi: 10.1115/1.4064056. PMID: 37978046Free PMC Article
Upper-extremity blood flow restriction: the proximal, distal, and contralateral effects-a randomized controlled trial.
Bowman EN, Elshaar R, Milligan H, Jue G, Mohr K, Brown P, Watanabe DM, Limpisvasti O
J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2020 Jun;29(6):1267-1274. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.003. PMID: 32423577
Upper limb congenital muscular hypertrophy and aberrant muscle syndrome in children.
Dahan E, Chaves C, Bachy M, Fitoussi F
J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018 Sep;43(7):751-755. Epub 2018 May 14 doi: 10.1177/1753193418774459. PMID: 29759027
Creatine supplementation elicits greater muscle hypertrophy in upper than lower limbs and trunk in resistance-trained men.
Nunes JP, Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Tomeleri CM, Avelar A, Trindade MC, Nabuco HC, Cavalcante EF, Junior PS, Fernandes RR, Carvalho FO, Cyrino ES
Nutr Health 2017 Dec;23(4):223-229. doi: 10.1177/0260106017737013. PMID: 29214923
Effects of grip width on muscle strength and activation in the lat pull-down.
Andersen V, Fimland MS, Wiik E, Skoglund A, Saeterbakken AH
J Strength Cond Res 2014 Apr;28(4):1135-42. doi: 10.1097/JSC.0000000000000232. PMID: 24662157

Recent systematic reviews

Strength Training in Climbing: A Systematic Review.
Langer K, Simon C, Wiemeyer J
J Strength Cond Res 2023 Mar 1;37(3):751-767. Epub 2022 Jun 1 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004286. PMID: 36820707
Does Beef Protein Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Exercise Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Valenzuela PL, Mata F, Morales JS, Castillo-García A, Lucia A
Nutrients 2019 Jun 25;11(6) doi: 10.3390/nu11061429. PMID: 31242624Free PMC Article
How many times per week should a muscle be trained to maximize muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the effects of resistance training frequency.
Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Krieger J
J Sports Sci 2019 Jun;37(11):1286-1295. Epub 2018 Dec 17 doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1555906. PMID: 30558493
The compatibility of concurrent high intensity interval training and resistance training for muscular strength and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sabag A, Najafi A, Michael S, Esgin T, Halaki M, Hackett D
J Sports Sci 2018 Nov;36(21):2472-2483. Epub 2018 Apr 16 doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1464636. PMID: 29658408
The Prevalence of Anatomical Variations of the Median Nerve in the Carpal Tunnel: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Henry BM, Zwinczewska H, Roy J, Vikse J, Ramakrishnan PK, Walocha JA, Tomaszewski KA
PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0136477. Epub 2015 Aug 25 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136477. PMID: 26305098Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...