Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, is a common human congenital abnormality with a multifactorial etiology that likely reflects the involvement of endocrine, environmental, and hereditary factors. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for testicular tumors. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in 2 distinct phases: the transabdominal phase and the inguinoscrotal phase (summary by Gorlov et al., 2002).

Undergrowth of the outer labia.

A widely spaced gap between the first toe (the great toe) and the second toe.

Short (hypoplastic) middle phalanx of finger, affecting one or more fingers.

Absence of the patella.

A severe degree of short stature, more than -4 SD from the mean corrected for age and sex.

Smaller than normal size according to sex and gestational age related norms, defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.

Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.

Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.

A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.

An abnormality of vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear leading to impairment of sensory perception of sound.

Underdevelopment of the external ear.

An abnormal narrowing of the external auditory canal.

A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).

A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.

Delayed myelination.

A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.

An abnormality of the cerebral cortex with fewer gyri but with normal cortical thickness. This pattern is usually often associated with congenital microcephaly.

Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.

Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.

Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.

A decreased rate of skeletal maturation. Delayed skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.

A form of developmental hypoplasia of the mandible in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.

Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.

Congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH) is an abnormality of the seating of the femoral head in the acetabulum. Its severity ranges from mild instability of the femoral head with slight capsular laxity, through moderate lateral displacement of the femoral head, without loss of contact of the head with the acetabulum, up to complete dislocation of the femoral head from the acetabulum. It is one of the most common skeletal congenital anomalies (summary by Sollazzo et al., 2000). Acetabular dysplasia is an idiopathic, localized developmental dysplasia of the hip that is characterized by a shallow hip socket and decreased coverage of the femoral head. Its radiologic criteria include the center-edge angle of Wiberg, the Sharp angle, and the acetabular roof obliquity. Most patients with acetabular dysplasia develop osteoarthritis (165720) after midlife, and even mild acetabular dysplasia can cause hip osteoarthritis (summary by Mabuchi et al., 2006). CDH occurs as an isolated anomaly or with more general disorders represented by several syndromes and with chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 18 (Wynne-Davies, 1970). Genetic Heterogeneity of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Developmental dysplasia of the hip-1 (DDH1) maps to chromosome 13q22; DDH2 (615612) maps to chromosome 3p21. DDH3 (620690) is caused by mutation in the LRP1 gene (107770) on chromosome 12q13.

A subcategory of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It occurs in people who smoke and suffer from chronic bronchitis. It is characterized by inflation of the alveoli, alveolar wall damage, and reduction in the number of alveoli, resulting in difficulty breathing.

Laryngomalacia is a congenital abnormality of the laryngeal cartilage in which the cartilage is floppy and prolapses over the larynx during inspiration.

Williams-Campbell syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by severe bronchiectasis and recurrent pulmonary infections caused by a cartilage abnormality involving the 4th-6th order subsegmental bronchi. It typically presents in infancy or childhood with symptoms of coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea. Imaging reveals normal central airways with severe bilateral cystic bronchiectasis in the subsegmental bronchi, often associated with bronchial wall thickening, mucous plugging, and bronchomalacia. During dynamic imaging, the abnormal bronchi will demonstrate ballooning on inspiratory imaging and collapse/air-trapping on expiratory imaging (summary by Marini et al., 2017).

An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections as manifested by a history of recurrent respiratory infections.

An abnormal inversion (turning inward) of the eyelid (usually the lower) towards the globe. Entropion is usually acquired as a result of involutional or cicatricial processes but may occasionally be congenital.

An abnormally increased height of the forehead.

The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.

Thinned, deficient, or excessively arched ala nasi.

Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.

Increased width of the skin of vermilion border region of upper lip.

Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).

Lack of prominence of the nose resulting from a posteriorly-placed nasal ridge.

Posterior positions and/or vertical shortening of the infraorbital and perialar regions, or increased concavity of the face and/or reduced nasolabial angle.

Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.

Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).

Passing the age when puberty normally occurs with no physical or hormonal signs of the onset of puberty.

Insufficient responses to growth hormone (GH) provocation tests. GH deficiency is defined as a serum peak GH concentration less than 10 ng/mL on provocation with a combination of at least two separate stimulation tests.

A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.