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Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome(AMS)

MedGen UID:
395439
Concept ID:
C1860224
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: AMS; Congenital ablepharon, absent eyelashes/eyebrows, macrostomia, auricular, nasal, genital and other systemic anomalies
SNOMED CT: Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome (718575002)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Gene (location): TWIST2 (2q37.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008693
OMIM®: 200110
Orphanet: ORPHA920

Definition

Ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome (AMS) is a congenital ectodermal dysplasia characterized by absent eyelids, macrostomia, microtia, redundant skin, sparse hair, dysmorphic nose and ears, variable abnormalities of the nipples, genitalia, fingers, and hands, largely normal intellectual and motor development, and poor growth (summary by Marchegiani et al., 2015). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Ambiguous genitalia
MedGen UID:
78596
Concept ID:
C0266362
Congenital Abnormality
A genital phenotype that is not clearly assignable to a single gender. Ambiguous genitalia can be evaluated using the Prader scale
Hypoplastic labia majora
MedGen UID:
107566
Concept ID:
C0566899
Finding
Undergrowth of the outer labia.
Micropenis
MedGen UID:
1633603
Concept ID:
C4551492
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormally small penis. At birth, the normal penis is about 3 cm (stretched length from pubic tubercle to tip of penis) with micropenis less than 2.0-2.5 cm.
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Toe syndactyly
MedGen UID:
75581
Concept ID:
C0265660
Congenital Abnormality
Webbing or fusion of the toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" Syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the toes in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "Symphalangism".
Short metacarpal
MedGen UID:
323064
Concept ID:
C1837084
Anatomical Abnormality
Diminished length of one or more metacarpal bones in relation to the others of the same hand or to the contralateral metacarpal.
Clinodactyly of the 5th finger
MedGen UID:
340456
Concept ID:
C1850049
Congenital Abnormality
Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).
Cutaneous finger syndactyly
MedGen UID:
866898
Concept ID:
C4021254
Congenital Abnormality
A soft tissue continuity in the A/P axis between two fingers that extends distally to at least the level of the proximal interphalangeal joints, or a soft tissue continuity in the A/P axis between two fingers that lies significantly distal to the flexion crease that overlies the metacarpophalangeal joint of the adjacent fingers.
Anteriorly placed anus
MedGen UID:
333160
Concept ID:
C1838705
Finding
Anterior malposition of the anus.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
235586
Concept ID:
C1384666
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.
Microtia, third degree
MedGen UID:
866820
Concept ID:
C4021174
Anatomical Abnormality
Presence of some auricular structures, but none of these structures conform to recognized ear components.
Microtia, first degree
MedGen UID:
866821
Concept ID:
C4021175
Anatomical Abnormality
Presence of all the normal ear components and the median longitudinal length more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Ventral hernia
MedGen UID:
5531
Concept ID:
C0019326
Anatomical Abnormality
Ventral hernia refers to a condition in which abdominal contents protrude through a weakened portion of the abdominal wall.
Camptodactyly
MedGen UID:
195780
Concept ID:
C0685409
Congenital Abnormality
The distal interphalangeal joint and/or the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers or toes cannot be extended to 180 degrees by either active or passive extension.
Congenital omphalocele
MedGen UID:
162756
Concept ID:
C0795690
Congenital Abnormality
An omphalocele is an abdominal wall defect limited to an open umbilical ring, and is characterized by the herniation of membrane-covered internal organs into the open base of the umbilical cord. Omphalocele is distinguished from gastroschisis (230750), in which the abdominal wall defect is located laterally to a normally closed umbilical ring with herniation of organs that are uncovered by membranes (summary by Bugge, 2010). On the basis of clinical manifestations, epidemiologic characteristics, and the presence of additional malformations, Yang et al. (1992) concluded that omphalocele and gastroschisis are casually and pathogenetically distinct abdominal wall defects. Omphalocele can be a feature of genetic disorders, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (130650) and the Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (182210).
Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bone
MedGen UID:
866886
Concept ID:
C4021242
Anatomical Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the zygomatic bone. That is, a reduction in size of the zygomatic bone, including the zygomatic process of the temporal bone of the skull, which forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Aplastic zygomatic arch
MedGen UID:
1814401
Concept ID:
C5676837
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental defect characterized by the absence of the zygomatic arch.
Wide mouth
MedGen UID:
44238
Concept ID:
C0024433
Congenital Abnormality
Distance between the oral commissures more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased width of the oral aperture (subjective).
Ablepharon
MedGen UID:
120585
Concept ID:
C0266574
Congenital Abnormality
Absent eyelids.
Cryptophthalmia
MedGen UID:
81386
Concept ID:
C0311249
Congenital Abnormality
Cryptophthalmos is a condition of total absence of eyelids and the skin of forehead is continuous with that of cheek, in which the eyeball is completely concealed by the skin, which is stretched over the orbital cavity.
Hypoplasia of eyelid
MedGen UID:
576313
Concept ID:
C0344499
Disease or Syndrome
Developmental hypoplasia of the eyelid.
Absent eyebrow
MedGen UID:
98133
Concept ID:
C0431448
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of the eyebrow.
Short upper lip
MedGen UID:
338587
Concept ID:
C1848977
Finding
Decreased width of the upper lip.
Abnormal nasal morphology
MedGen UID:
870795
Concept ID:
C4025252
Anatomical Abnormality
Premature skin wrinkling
MedGen UID:
19996
Concept ID:
C0037301
Finding
The presence of an increased degree of wrinkling (irregular folds and indentations) of the skin as compared with age-related norms.
Dry skin
MedGen UID:
56250
Concept ID:
C0151908
Sign or Symptom
Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.
Thin skin
MedGen UID:
140848
Concept ID:
C0423757
Finding
Reduction in thickness of the skin, generally associated with a loss of suppleness and elasticity of the skin.
Redundant skin
MedGen UID:
154379
Concept ID:
C0581342
Pathologic Function
Loose and sagging skin often associated with loss of skin elasticity.
Absent eyelashes
MedGen UID:
334299
Concept ID:
C1843005
Congenital Abnormality
Lack of eyelashes.
Hypoplastic fingernail
MedGen UID:
347304
Concept ID:
C1856786
Finding
Underdevelopment of a fingernail.
Sparse hair
MedGen UID:
1790211
Concept ID:
C5551005
Finding
Reduced density of hairs.
Single umbilical artery
MedGen UID:
278026
Concept ID:
C1384670
Congenital Abnormality
Single umbilical artery (SUA) is the absence of one of the two umbilical arteries surrounding the fetal bladder and in the fetal umbilical cord.
Absent lanugo
MedGen UID:
461442
Concept ID:
C3150092
Finding
Lack of development of lanugo, the fine, soft, unpigmented hair on the body of a fetus or newborn baby.
Hypoplastic nipples
MedGen UID:
98156
Concept ID:
C0432355
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the nipple.
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVAblepharon macrostomia syndrome
Follow this link to review classifications for Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome in Orphanet.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Landau-Prat D, Kim DH, Bautista S, Strong A, Revere KE, Katowitz WR, Katowitz JA
Ophthalmic Genet 2023 Dec;44(6):547-552. Epub 2023 Jul 26 doi: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2237568. PMID: 37493047
Takenouchi T, Sakamoto Y, Sato H, Suzuki H, Uehara T, Ohsone Y, Kosaki K
Am J Med Genet A 2018 Dec;176(12):2777-2780. Epub 2018 Nov 18 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40525. PMID: 30450715
Schanze D, Harakalova M, Stevens CA, Brancati F, Dallapiccola B, Farndon P, Ferraz VE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Wright M, van Lieshout S, Vogel MJ, van Haelst MM, Zenker M
Am J Med Genet A 2013 Dec;161A(12):3012-7. Epub 2013 Sep 24 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36119. PMID: 24115501
Stevens CA, Sargent LA
Am J Med Genet 2002 Jan 1;107(1):30-7. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10123. PMID: 11807864

Diagnosis

Landau-Prat D, Kim DH, Bautista S, Strong A, Revere KE, Katowitz WR, Katowitz JA
Ophthalmic Genet 2023 Dec;44(6):547-552. Epub 2023 Jul 26 doi: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2237568. PMID: 37493047
Nwaneli EI, Chukwuka JO, Uju CM, Epundu CO
Niger Postgrad Med J 2021 Oct-Dec;28(4):298-302. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_318_20. PMID: 34850759
Cruz AAV, Quiroz D, Boza T, Wambier SPF, Akaishi PS
Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 Jan/Feb;36(1):21-25. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000001442. PMID: 31373987
De Maria B, Mazzanti L, Roche N, Hennekam RC
Am J Med Genet A 2016 Aug;170(8):1989-2001. Epub 2016 May 19 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37757. PMID: 27196381
Kallish S, McDonald-McGinn DM, van Haelst MM, Bartlett SP, Katowitz JA, Zackai EH
Am J Med Genet A 2011 Dec;155A(12):3060-2. Epub 2011 Oct 14 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34287. PMID: 22002929

Therapy

Ciriaco P, Carretta A, Negri G
BMC Pulm Med 2019 Aug 28;19(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s12890-019-0921-8. PMID: 31462237Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Stevens CA, Sargent LA
Am J Med Genet 2002 Jan 1;107(1):30-7. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10123. PMID: 11807864

Clinical prediction guides

Takenouchi T, Sakamoto Y, Sato H, Suzuki H, Uehara T, Ohsone Y, Kosaki K
Am J Med Genet A 2018 Dec;176(12):2777-2780. Epub 2018 Nov 18 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40525. PMID: 30450715
Qin W, Lu X, Lin S
Methods 2018 Nov 1;150:19-23. Epub 2018 Aug 2 doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.07.010. PMID: 30076894
Kim S, Twigg SRF, Scanlon VA, Chandra A, Hansen TJ, Alsubait A, Fenwick AL, McGowan SJ, Lord H, Lester T, Sweeney E, Weber A, Cox H, Wilkie AOM, Golden A, Corsi AK
Hum Mol Genet 2017 Jun 1;26(11):2118-2132. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddx107. PMID: 28369379Free PMC Article
Marchegiani S, Davis T, Tessadori F, van Haaften G, Brancati F, Hoischen A, Huang H, Valkanas E, Pusey B, Schanze D, Venselaar H, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Wolfe LA, Tifft CJ, Zerfas PM, Zambruno G, Kariminejad A, Sabbagh-Kermani F, Lee J, Tsokos MG, Lee CC, Ferraz V, da Silva EM, Stevens CA, Roche N, Bartsch O, Farndon P, Bermejo-Sanchez E, Brooks BP, Maduro V, Dallapiccola B, Ramos FJ, Chung HY, Le Caignec C, Martins F, Jacyk WK, Mazzanti L, Brunner HG, Bakkers J, Lin S, Malicdan MC, Boerkoel CF, Gahl WA, de Vries BB, van Haelst MM, Zenker M, Markello TC
Am J Hum Genet 2015 Jul 2;97(1):99-110. Epub 2015 Jun 25 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.017. PMID: 26119818Free PMC Article

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