U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 5(DEE5)

MedGen UID:
462081
•Concept ID:
C3150731
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: DEE5; Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 5
 
Gene (location): SPTAN1 (9q34.11)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013277
OMIM®: 613477

Definition

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-5 (DEE5) is a neurologic disorder characterized by global developmental delay and the onset of tonic seizures or infantile spasms in the first months of life. The seizures tend to be refractory to treatment, and EEG shows hypsarrhythmia, consistent with a clinical diagnosis of West syndrome. Affected individuals have severely impaired psychomotor development with lack of visual attention, poor head control, feeding difficulties, microcephaly, and spastic quadriplegia. Brain imaging may show cerebral atrophy and hypomyelination (summary by Saitsu et al., 2010). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, see 308350. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
•Concept ID:
C4317146
•
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
•Concept ID:
C0036572
•
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Intellectual disability, severe
MedGen UID:
48638
•Concept ID:
C0036857
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Severe mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 20-34.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
•Concept ID:
C0151889
•
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Cerebral atrophy
MedGen UID:
116012
•Concept ID:
C0235946
•
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
•Concept ID:
C0344482
•
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Spastic tetraplegia
MedGen UID:
98433
•Concept ID:
C0426970
•
Disease or Syndrome
Spastic paralysis affecting all four limbs.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Epileptic encephalopathy
MedGen UID:
452596
•Concept ID:
C0543888
•
Disease or Syndrome
A condition in which epileptiform abnormalities are believed to contribute to the progressive disturbance in cerebral function. Epileptic encephalaopathy is characterized by (1) electrographic EEG paroxysmal activity that is often aggressive, (2) seizures that are usually multiform and intractable, (3) cognitive, behavioral and neurological deficits that may be relentless, and (4) sometimes early death.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hypsarrhythmia
MedGen UID:
195766
•Concept ID:
C0684276
•
Finding
Hypsarrhythmia is abnormal interictal high amplitude waves and a background of irregular spikes. There is continuous (during wakefulness), high-amplitude (>200 Hz), generalized polymorphic slowing with no organized background and multifocal spikes demonstrated by electroencephalography (EEG).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Cerebellar atrophy
MedGen UID:
196624
•Concept ID:
C0740279
•
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Intellectual disability, profound
MedGen UID:
892508
•Concept ID:
C3161330
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Profound mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 20.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Atrophy/Degeneration affecting the brainstem
MedGen UID:
870454
•Concept ID:
C4024900
•
Disease or Syndrome
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
CNS hypomyelination
MedGen UID:
892446
•Concept ID:
C4025616
•
Finding
Reduced amount of myelin in the central nervous system resulting from defective myelinogenesis.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Cerebral cortical atrophy
MedGen UID:
1646740
•Concept ID:
C4551583
•
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy of the cortex of the cerebrum.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Reduced cerebral white matter volume
MedGen UID:
1815057
•Concept ID:
C5706151
•
Finding
An abnormally low volume of the white matter of the brain.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
•Concept ID:
C0026827
•
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Progressive microcephaly
MedGen UID:
340542
•Concept ID:
C1850456
•
Anatomical Abnormality
Progressive microcephaly is diagnosed when the head circumference falls progressively behind age- and gender-dependent norms.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
•Concept ID:
C1858120
•
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
•Concept ID:
C4551563
•
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Show allHide all

Professional guidelines

PubMed

CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder-Related Epilepsy: A Review of Current and Emerging Treatment.
Hong W, Haviland I, Pestana-Knight E, Weisenberg JL, Demarest S, Marsh ED, Olson HE
CNS Drugs 2022 Jun;36(6):591-604. Epub 2022 May 28 doi: 10.1007/s40263-022-00921-5. PMID: 35633486Free PMC Article
Genotype-phenotype correlations in SCN8A-related disorders reveal prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Johannesen KM, Liu Y, Koko M, Gjerulfsen CE, Sonnenberg L, Schubert J, Fenger CD, Eltokhi A, Rannap M, Koch NA, Lauxmann S, Krüger J, Kegele J, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, Mayer T, Rebstock J, Zacher P, Ruf S, Alber M, Sterbova K, Lassuthová P, Vlckova M, Lemke JR, Platzer K, Krey I, Heine C, Wieczorek D, Kroell-Seger J, Lund C, Klein KM, Au PYB, Rho JM, Ho AW, Masnada S, Veggiotti P, Giordano L, Accorsi P, Hoei-Hansen CE, Striano P, Zara F, Verhelst H, Verhoeven JS, Braakman HMH, van der Zwaag B, Harder AVE, Brilstra E, Pendziwiat M, Lebon S, Vaccarezza M, Le NM, Christensen J, Grønborg S, Scherer SW, Howe J, Fazeli W, Howell KB, Leventer R, Stutterd C, Walsh S, Gerard M, Gerard B, Matricardi S, Bonardi CM, Sartori S, Berger A, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Mastrangelo M, Darra F, Vøllo A, Motazacker MM, Lakeman P, Nizon M, Betzler C, Altuzarra C, Caume R, Roubertie A, Gélisse P, Marini C, Guerrini R, Bilan F, Tibussek D, Koch-Hogrebe M, Perry MS, Ichikawa S, Dadali E, Sharkov A, Mishina I, Abramov M, Kanivets I, Korostelev S, Kutsev S, Wain KE, Eisenhauer N, Wagner M, Savatt JM, Müller-Schlüter K, Bassan H, Borovikov A, Nassogne MC, Destrée A, Schoonjans AS, Meuwissen M, Buzatu M, Jansen A, Scalais E, Srivastava S, Tan WH, Olson HE, Loddenkemper T, Poduri A, Helbig KL, Helbig I, Fitzgerald MP, Goldberg EM, Roser T, Borggraefe I, Brünger T, May P, Lal D, Lederer D, Rubboli G, Heyne HO, Lesca G, Hedrich UBS, Benda J, Gardella E, Lerche H, Møller RS
Brain 2022 Sep 14;145(9):2991-3009. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab321. PMID: 34431999Free PMC Article
From Genetic Testing to Precision Medicine in Epilepsy.
Striano P, Minassian BA
Neurotherapeutics 2020 Apr;17(2):609-615. doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00835-4. PMID: 31981099Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Developmental regression in children: Current and future directions.
Furley K, Mehra C, Goin-Kochel RP, Fahey MC, Hunter MF, Williams K, Absoud M
Cortex 2023 Dec;169:5-17. Epub 2023 Sep 27 doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.001. PMID: 37839389
Epidemiology of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy and of Intellectual Disability and Epilepsy in Children.
Poke G, Stanley J, Scheffer IE, Sadleir LG
Neurology 2023 Mar 28;100(13):e1363-e1375. Epub 2022 Dec 29 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000206758. PMID: 36581463Free PMC Article
Developmental and epilepsy spectrum of KCNB1 encephalopathy with long-term outcome.
Bar C, Kuchenbuch M, Barcia G, Schneider A, Jennesson M, Le Guyader G, Lesca G, Mignot C, Montomoli M, Parrini E, Isnard H, Rolland A, Keren B, Afenjar A, Dorison N, Sadleir LG, Breuillard D, Levy R, Rio M, Dupont S, Negrin S, Danieli A, Scalais E, De Saint Martin A, El Chehadeh S, Chelly J, Poisson A, Lebre AS, Nica A, Odent S, Sekhara T, Brankovic V, Goldenberg A, Vrielynck P, Lederer D, Maurey H, Terrone G, Besmond C, Hubert L, Berquin P, Billette de Villemeur T, Isidor B, Freeman JL, Mefford HC, Myers CT, Howell KB, Rodríguez-Sacristán Cascajo A, Meyer P, Genevieve D, Guët A, Doummar D, Durigneux J, van Dooren MF, de Wit MCY, Gerard M, Marey I, Munnich A, Guerrini R, Scheffer IE, Kabashi E, Nabbout R
Epilepsia 2020 Nov;61(11):2461-2473. Epub 2020 Sep 21 doi: 10.1111/epi.16679. PMID: 32954514
SYNGAP1 encephalopathy: A distinctive generalized developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
Vlaskamp DRM, Shaw BJ, Burgess R, Mei D, Montomoli M, Xie H, Myers CT, Bennett MF, XiangWei W, Williams D, Maas SM, Brooks AS, Mancini GMS, van de Laar IMBH, van Hagen JM, Ware TL, Webster RI, Malone S, Berkovic SF, Kalnins RM, Sicca F, Korenke GC, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Hildebrand MS, Mefford HC, Jiang Y, Guerrini R, Scheffer IE
Neurology 2019 Jan 8;92(2):e96-e107. Epub 2018 Dec 12 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006729. PMID: 30541864Free PMC Article
High Rate of Recurrent De Novo Mutations in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Hamdan FF, Myers CT, Cossette P, Lemay P, Spiegelman D, Laporte AD, Nassif C, Diallo O, Monlong J, Cadieux-Dion M, Dobrzeniecka S, Meloche C, Retterer K, Cho MT, Rosenfeld JA, Bi W, Massicotte C, Miguet M, Brunga L, Regan BM, Mo K, Tam C, Schneider A, Hollingsworth G; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, FitzPatrick DR, Donaldson A, Canham N, Blair E, Kerr B, Fry AE, Thomas RH, Shelagh J, Hurst JA, Brittain H, Blyth M, Lebel RR, Gerkes EH, Davis-Keppen L, Stein Q, Chung WK, Dorison SJ, Benke PJ, Fassi E, Corsten-Janssen N, Kamsteeg EJ, Mau-Them FT, Bruel AL, Verloes A, Õunap K, Wojcik MH, Albert DVF, Venkateswaran S, Ware T, Jones D, Liu YC, Mohammad SS, Bizargity P, Bacino CA, Leuzzi V, Martinelli S, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Blumkin L, Wierenga KJ, Purcarin G, O'Byrne JJ, Stockler S, Lehman A, Keren B, Nougues MC, Mignot C, Auvin S, Nava C, Hiatt SM, Bebin M, Shao Y, Scaglia F, Lalani SR, Frye RE, Jarjour IT, Jacques S, Boucher RM, Riou E, Srour M, Carmant L, Lortie A, Major P, Diadori P, Dubeau F, D'Anjou G, Bourque G, Berkovic SF, Sadleir LG, Campeau PM, Kibar Z, Lafrenière RG, Girard SL, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Boelman C, Rouleau GA, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC, Andrade DM, Rossignol E, Minassian BA, Michaud JL
Am J Hum Genet 2017 Nov 2;101(5):664-685. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.008. PMID: 29100083Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Current Treatments, Novel Therapeutics, and Future Directions.
Nelson JA, Knupp KG
Neurotherapeutics 2023 Sep;20(5):1255-1262. Epub 2023 Jun 23 doi: 10.1007/s13311-023-01397-x. PMID: 37353676Free PMC Article
Epidemiology of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy and of Intellectual Disability and Epilepsy in Children.
Poke G, Stanley J, Scheffer IE, Sadleir LG
Neurology 2023 Mar 28;100(13):e1363-e1375. Epub 2022 Dec 29 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000206758. PMID: 36581463Free PMC Article
The gain of function SCN1A disorder spectrum: novel epilepsy phenotypes and therapeutic implications.
Brunklaus A, Brünger T, Feng T, Fons C, Lehikoinen A, Panagiotakaki E, Vintan MA, Symonds J, Andrew J, Arzimanoglou A, Delima S, Gallois J, Hanrahan D, Lesca G, MacLeod S, Marjanovic D, McTague A, Nuñez-Enamorado N, Perez-Palma E, Scott Perry M, Pysden K, Russ-Hall SJ, Scheffer IE, Sully K, Syrbe S, Vaher U, Velayutham M, Vogt J, Weiss S, Wirrell E, Zuberi SM, Lal D, Møller RS, Mantegazza M, Cestèle S
Brain 2022 Nov 21;145(11):3816-3831. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac210. PMID: 35696452Free PMC Article
Epilepsy.
Bastos F, Cross JH
Handb Clin Neurol 2020;174:137-158. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64148-9.00011-9. PMID: 32977874
High Rate of Recurrent De Novo Mutations in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Hamdan FF, Myers CT, Cossette P, Lemay P, Spiegelman D, Laporte AD, Nassif C, Diallo O, Monlong J, Cadieux-Dion M, Dobrzeniecka S, Meloche C, Retterer K, Cho MT, Rosenfeld JA, Bi W, Massicotte C, Miguet M, Brunga L, Regan BM, Mo K, Tam C, Schneider A, Hollingsworth G; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, FitzPatrick DR, Donaldson A, Canham N, Blair E, Kerr B, Fry AE, Thomas RH, Shelagh J, Hurst JA, Brittain H, Blyth M, Lebel RR, Gerkes EH, Davis-Keppen L, Stein Q, Chung WK, Dorison SJ, Benke PJ, Fassi E, Corsten-Janssen N, Kamsteeg EJ, Mau-Them FT, Bruel AL, Verloes A, Õunap K, Wojcik MH, Albert DVF, Venkateswaran S, Ware T, Jones D, Liu YC, Mohammad SS, Bizargity P, Bacino CA, Leuzzi V, Martinelli S, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Blumkin L, Wierenga KJ, Purcarin G, O'Byrne JJ, Stockler S, Lehman A, Keren B, Nougues MC, Mignot C, Auvin S, Nava C, Hiatt SM, Bebin M, Shao Y, Scaglia F, Lalani SR, Frye RE, Jarjour IT, Jacques S, Boucher RM, Riou E, Srour M, Carmant L, Lortie A, Major P, Diadori P, Dubeau F, D'Anjou G, Bourque G, Berkovic SF, Sadleir LG, Campeau PM, Kibar Z, Lafrenière RG, Girard SL, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Boelman C, Rouleau GA, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC, Andrade DM, Rossignol E, Minassian BA, Michaud JL
Am J Hum Genet 2017 Nov 2;101(5):664-685. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.008. PMID: 29100083Free PMC Article

Therapy

Current and future pharmacotherapy options for drug-resistant epilepsy.
Elkommos S, Mula M
Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022 Dec;23(18):2023-2034. Epub 2022 Sep 27 doi: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2128670. PMID: 36154780
Efficacy and Safety of Fenfluramine for the Treatment of Seizures Associated With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Ceulemans B, Sullivan JE, Nickels KC, Lagae L, Guerrini R, Zuberi SM, Nabbout R, Riney K, Shore S, Agarwal A, Lock M, Farfel GM, Galer BS, Gammaitoni AR, Davis R, Gil-Nagel A
JAMA Neurol 2022 Jun 1;79(6):554-564. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0829. PMID: 35499850Free PMC Article
Genotype-phenotype correlations in SCN8A-related disorders reveal prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Johannesen KM, Liu Y, Koko M, Gjerulfsen CE, Sonnenberg L, Schubert J, Fenger CD, Eltokhi A, Rannap M, Koch NA, Lauxmann S, Krüger J, Kegele J, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, Mayer T, Rebstock J, Zacher P, Ruf S, Alber M, Sterbova K, Lassuthová P, Vlckova M, Lemke JR, Platzer K, Krey I, Heine C, Wieczorek D, Kroell-Seger J, Lund C, Klein KM, Au PYB, Rho JM, Ho AW, Masnada S, Veggiotti P, Giordano L, Accorsi P, Hoei-Hansen CE, Striano P, Zara F, Verhelst H, Verhoeven JS, Braakman HMH, van der Zwaag B, Harder AVE, Brilstra E, Pendziwiat M, Lebon S, Vaccarezza M, Le NM, Christensen J, Grønborg S, Scherer SW, Howe J, Fazeli W, Howell KB, Leventer R, Stutterd C, Walsh S, Gerard M, Gerard B, Matricardi S, Bonardi CM, Sartori S, Berger A, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Mastrangelo M, Darra F, Vøllo A, Motazacker MM, Lakeman P, Nizon M, Betzler C, Altuzarra C, Caume R, Roubertie A, Gélisse P, Marini C, Guerrini R, Bilan F, Tibussek D, Koch-Hogrebe M, Perry MS, Ichikawa S, Dadali E, Sharkov A, Mishina I, Abramov M, Kanivets I, Korostelev S, Kutsev S, Wain KE, Eisenhauer N, Wagner M, Savatt JM, Müller-Schlüter K, Bassan H, Borovikov A, Nassogne MC, Destrée A, Schoonjans AS, Meuwissen M, Buzatu M, Jansen A, Scalais E, Srivastava S, Tan WH, Olson HE, Loddenkemper T, Poduri A, Helbig KL, Helbig I, Fitzgerald MP, Goldberg EM, Roser T, Borggraefe I, Brünger T, May P, Lal D, Lederer D, Rubboli G, Heyne HO, Lesca G, Hedrich UBS, Benda J, Gardella E, Lerche H, Møller RS
Brain 2022 Sep 14;145(9):2991-3009. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab321. PMID: 34431999Free PMC Article
SYNGAP1 encephalopathy: A distinctive generalized developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
Vlaskamp DRM, Shaw BJ, Burgess R, Mei D, Montomoli M, Xie H, Myers CT, Bennett MF, XiangWei W, Williams D, Maas SM, Brooks AS, Mancini GMS, van de Laar IMBH, van Hagen JM, Ware TL, Webster RI, Malone S, Berkovic SF, Kalnins RM, Sicca F, Korenke GC, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Hildebrand MS, Mefford HC, Jiang Y, Guerrini R, Scheffer IE
Neurology 2019 Jan 8;92(2):e96-e107. Epub 2018 Dec 12 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006729. PMID: 30541864Free PMC Article
Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016.
Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, Zannou AL, Jiang J, Adnan T, Mourdoukoutas AP, Kronberg G, Truong D, Boggio P, Brunoni AR, Charvet L, Fregni F, Fritsch B, Gillick B, Hamilton RH, Hampstead BM, Jankord R, Kirton A, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Liu A, Loo C, Nitsche MA, Reis J, Richardson JD, Rotenberg A, Turkeltaub PE, Woods AJ
Brain Stimul 2016 Sep-Oct;9(5):641-661. Epub 2016 Jun 15 doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004. PMID: 27372845Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Genotype-phenotype correlations in SCN8A-related disorders reveal prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Johannesen KM, Liu Y, Koko M, Gjerulfsen CE, Sonnenberg L, Schubert J, Fenger CD, Eltokhi A, Rannap M, Koch NA, Lauxmann S, Krüger J, Kegele J, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, Mayer T, Rebstock J, Zacher P, Ruf S, Alber M, Sterbova K, Lassuthová P, Vlckova M, Lemke JR, Platzer K, Krey I, Heine C, Wieczorek D, Kroell-Seger J, Lund C, Klein KM, Au PYB, Rho JM, Ho AW, Masnada S, Veggiotti P, Giordano L, Accorsi P, Hoei-Hansen CE, Striano P, Zara F, Verhelst H, Verhoeven JS, Braakman HMH, van der Zwaag B, Harder AVE, Brilstra E, Pendziwiat M, Lebon S, Vaccarezza M, Le NM, Christensen J, Grønborg S, Scherer SW, Howe J, Fazeli W, Howell KB, Leventer R, Stutterd C, Walsh S, Gerard M, Gerard B, Matricardi S, Bonardi CM, Sartori S, Berger A, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Mastrangelo M, Darra F, Vøllo A, Motazacker MM, Lakeman P, Nizon M, Betzler C, Altuzarra C, Caume R, Roubertie A, Gélisse P, Marini C, Guerrini R, Bilan F, Tibussek D, Koch-Hogrebe M, Perry MS, Ichikawa S, Dadali E, Sharkov A, Mishina I, Abramov M, Kanivets I, Korostelev S, Kutsev S, Wain KE, Eisenhauer N, Wagner M, Savatt JM, Müller-Schlüter K, Bassan H, Borovikov A, Nassogne MC, Destrée A, Schoonjans AS, Meuwissen M, Buzatu M, Jansen A, Scalais E, Srivastava S, Tan WH, Olson HE, Loddenkemper T, Poduri A, Helbig KL, Helbig I, Fitzgerald MP, Goldberg EM, Roser T, Borggraefe I, Brünger T, May P, Lal D, Lederer D, Rubboli G, Heyne HO, Lesca G, Hedrich UBS, Benda J, Gardella E, Lerche H, Møller RS
Brain 2022 Sep 14;145(9):2991-3009. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab321. PMID: 34431999Free PMC Article
ATP1A2- and ATP1A3-associated early profound epileptic encephalopathy and polymicrogyria.
Vetro A, Nielsen HN, Holm R, Hevner RF, Parrini E, Powis Z, Møller RS, Bellan C, Simonati A, Lesca G, Helbig KL, Palmer EE, Mei D, Ballardini E, Van Haeringen A, Syrbe S, Leuzzi V, Cioni G, Curry CJ, Costain G, Santucci M, Chong K, Mancini GMS, Clayton-Smith J, Bigoni S, Scheffer IE, Dobyns WB, Vilsen B, Guerrini R; ATP1A2/A3-collaborators
Brain 2021 Jun 22;144(5):1435-1450. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab052. PMID: 33880529
Epilepsy.
Bastos F, Cross JH
Handb Clin Neurol 2020;174:137-158. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64148-9.00011-9. PMID: 32977874
Developmental and epilepsy spectrum of KCNB1 encephalopathy with long-term outcome.
Bar C, Kuchenbuch M, Barcia G, Schneider A, Jennesson M, Le Guyader G, Lesca G, Mignot C, Montomoli M, Parrini E, Isnard H, Rolland A, Keren B, Afenjar A, Dorison N, Sadleir LG, Breuillard D, Levy R, Rio M, Dupont S, Negrin S, Danieli A, Scalais E, De Saint Martin A, El Chehadeh S, Chelly J, Poisson A, Lebre AS, Nica A, Odent S, Sekhara T, Brankovic V, Goldenberg A, Vrielynck P, Lederer D, Maurey H, Terrone G, Besmond C, Hubert L, Berquin P, Billette de Villemeur T, Isidor B, Freeman JL, Mefford HC, Myers CT, Howell KB, Rodríguez-Sacristán Cascajo A, Meyer P, Genevieve D, Guët A, Doummar D, Durigneux J, van Dooren MF, de Wit MCY, Gerard M, Marey I, Munnich A, Guerrini R, Scheffer IE, Kabashi E, Nabbout R
Epilepsia 2020 Nov;61(11):2461-2473. Epub 2020 Sep 21 doi: 10.1111/epi.16679. PMID: 32954514
Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016.
Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, Zannou AL, Jiang J, Adnan T, Mourdoukoutas AP, Kronberg G, Truong D, Boggio P, Brunoni AR, Charvet L, Fregni F, Fritsch B, Gillick B, Hamilton RH, Hampstead BM, Jankord R, Kirton A, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Liu A, Loo C, Nitsche MA, Reis J, Richardson JD, Rotenberg A, Turkeltaub PE, Woods AJ
Brain Stimul 2016 Sep-Oct;9(5):641-661. Epub 2016 Jun 15 doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004. PMID: 27372845Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Dravet syndrome: A systematic literature review of the illness burden.
Strzelczyk A, Lagae L, Wilmshurst JM, Brunklaus A, Striano P, Rosenow F, Schubert-Bast S
Epilepsia Open 2023 Dec;8(4):1256-1270. Epub 2023 Oct 11 doi: 10.1002/epi4.12832. PMID: 37750463Free PMC Article
CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder-Related Epilepsy: A Review of Current and Emerging Treatment.
Hong W, Haviland I, Pestana-Knight E, Weisenberg JL, Demarest S, Marsh ED, Olson HE
CNS Drugs 2022 Jun;36(6):591-604. Epub 2022 May 28 doi: 10.1007/s40263-022-00921-5. PMID: 35633486Free PMC Article
Assessing the landscape of STXBP1-related disorders in 534 individuals.
Xian J, Parthasarathy S, Ruggiero SM, Balagura G, Fitch E, Helbig K, Gan J, Ganesan S, Kaufman MC, Ellis CA, Lewis-Smith D, Galer P, Cunningham K, O'Brien M, Cosico M, Baker K, Darling A, Veiga de Goes F, El Achkar CM, Doering JH, Furia F, García-Cazorla Á, Gardella E, Geertjens L, Klein C, Kolesnik-Taylor A, Lammertse H, Lee J, Mackie A, Misra-Isrie M, Olson H, Sexton E, Sheidley B, Smith L, Sotero L, Stamberger H, Syrbe S, Thalwitzer KM, van Berkel A, van Haelst M, Yuskaitis C, Weckhuysen S, Prosser B, Son Rigby C, Demarest S, Pierce S, Zhang Y, Møller RS, Bruining H, Poduri A, Zara F, Verhage M, Striano P, Helbig I
Brain 2022 Jun 3;145(5):1668-1683. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab327. PMID: 35190816Free PMC Article
ATP1A2- and ATP1A3-associated early profound epileptic encephalopathy and polymicrogyria.
Vetro A, Nielsen HN, Holm R, Hevner RF, Parrini E, Powis Z, Møller RS, Bellan C, Simonati A, Lesca G, Helbig KL, Palmer EE, Mei D, Ballardini E, Van Haeringen A, Syrbe S, Leuzzi V, Cioni G, Curry CJ, Costain G, Santucci M, Chong K, Mancini GMS, Clayton-Smith J, Bigoni S, Scheffer IE, Dobyns WB, Vilsen B, Guerrini R; ATP1A2/A3-collaborators
Brain 2021 Jun 22;144(5):1435-1450. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab052. PMID: 33880529
High Rate of Recurrent De Novo Mutations in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Hamdan FF, Myers CT, Cossette P, Lemay P, Spiegelman D, Laporte AD, Nassif C, Diallo O, Monlong J, Cadieux-Dion M, Dobrzeniecka S, Meloche C, Retterer K, Cho MT, Rosenfeld JA, Bi W, Massicotte C, Miguet M, Brunga L, Regan BM, Mo K, Tam C, Schneider A, Hollingsworth G; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, FitzPatrick DR, Donaldson A, Canham N, Blair E, Kerr B, Fry AE, Thomas RH, Shelagh J, Hurst JA, Brittain H, Blyth M, Lebel RR, Gerkes EH, Davis-Keppen L, Stein Q, Chung WK, Dorison SJ, Benke PJ, Fassi E, Corsten-Janssen N, Kamsteeg EJ, Mau-Them FT, Bruel AL, Verloes A, Õunap K, Wojcik MH, Albert DVF, Venkateswaran S, Ware T, Jones D, Liu YC, Mohammad SS, Bizargity P, Bacino CA, Leuzzi V, Martinelli S, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Blumkin L, Wierenga KJ, Purcarin G, O'Byrne JJ, Stockler S, Lehman A, Keren B, Nougues MC, Mignot C, Auvin S, Nava C, Hiatt SM, Bebin M, Shao Y, Scaglia F, Lalani SR, Frye RE, Jarjour IT, Jacques S, Boucher RM, Riou E, Srour M, Carmant L, Lortie A, Major P, Diadori P, Dubeau F, D'Anjou G, Bourque G, Berkovic SF, Sadleir LG, Campeau PM, Kibar Z, Lafrenière RG, Girard SL, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Boelman C, Rouleau GA, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC, Andrade DM, Rossignol E, Minassian BA, Michaud JL
Am J Hum Genet 2017 Nov 2;101(5):664-685. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.008. PMID: 29100083Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

A systematic literature review on the global epidemiology of Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Prevalence, incidence, diagnosis, and mortality.
Sullivan J, Benítez A, Roth J, Andrews JS, Shah D, Butcher E, Jones A, Cross JH
Epilepsia 2024 May;65(5):1240-1263. Epub 2024 Jan 22 doi: 10.1111/epi.17866. PMID: 38252068
Scoping review and expert-based consensus recommendations for assessment and management of psychogenic non-epileptic (functional) seizures (PNES) in children: A report from the Pediatric Psychiatric Issues Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy.
Reilly C, Jette N, Johnson EC, Kariuki SM, Meredith F, Wirrell E, Mula M, Smith ML, Walsh S, Fong CY, Wilmshurst JM, Kerr M, Valente K, Auvin S
Epilepsia 2023 Dec;64(12):3160-3195. Epub 2023 Oct 7 doi: 10.1111/epi.17768. PMID: 37804168
Pharmacotherapy for Dravet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Russo E, Del Giovane C, Matricardi S, Meletti S, Striano P, Damavandi PT, Silvestrini M, Brigo F
Drugs 2023 Oct;83(15):1409-1424. Epub 2023 Sep 11 doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01936-y. PMID: 37695433Free PMC Article
The burden of illness in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a systematic literature review.
Strzelczyk A, Zuberi SM, Striano P, Rosenow F, Schubert-Bast S
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023 Mar 1;18(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s13023-023-02626-4. PMID: 36859290Free PMC Article
Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Veroniki AA, Rios P, Cogo E, Straus SE, Finkelstein Y, Kealey R, Reynen E, Soobiah C, Thavorn K, Hutton B, Hemmelgarn BR, Yazdi F, D'Souza J, MacDonald H, Tricco AC
BMJ Open 2017 Jul 20;7(7):e017248. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017248. PMID: 28729328Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Reviews

    Related information

    • ClinVar
      Related medical variations
    • Gene
      Related information in NCBI Gene
    • GTR
      Related information in GTR
    • GTR(Clinical)
      Clinical tests in GTR
    • OMIM
      Related records in OMIM
    • OMIM(Genes)
      OMIM records containing genes associated with phenotypes registered in MedGen
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed
    • PubMed (OMIM)
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...