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Wilms tumor 1(WT1)

MedGen UID:
447509
Concept ID:
CN033288
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Wilms tumor, somatic; WT1
 
Genes (locations): BRCA2 (13q13.1); GPC3 (Xq26.2); GPC4 (Xq26.2); H19 (11p15.5); IGF2 (11p15.5); WT1 (11p13)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008679
OMIM®: 194070

Definition

PAX6-related aniridia occurs either as an isolated ocular abnormality or as part of the Wilms tumor-aniridia-genital anomalies-retardation (WAGR) syndrome. Aniridia is a pan ocular disorder affecting the cornea, iris, intraocular pressure (resulting in glaucoma), lens (cataract and lens subluxation), fovea (foveal hypoplasia), and optic nerve (optic nerve coloboma and hypoplasia). Individuals with aniridia characteristically show nystagmus and impaired visual acuity (usually 20/100 - 20/200); however, milder forms of aniridia with subtle iris architecture changes, good vision, and normal foveal structure do occur. Other ocular involvement may include strabismus and occasionally microphthalmia. Although the severity of aniridia can vary between and within families, little variability is usually observed in the two eyes of an affected individual. WAGR syndrome. The risk for Wilms tumor is 42.5%-77%; of those who develop Wilms tumor, 90% do so by age four years and 98% by age seven years. Genital anomalies in males can include cryptorchidism and hypospadias (sometimes resulting in ambiguous genitalia), urethral strictures, ureteric abnormalities, and gonadoblastoma. While females typically have normal external genitalia, they may have uterine abnormalities and streak ovaries. Intellectual disability (defined as IQ <74) is observed in 70%; behavioral abnormalities include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Other individuals with WAGR syndrome can have normal intellect without behavioral problems. [from GeneReviews]

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Wilms tumor is the most common renal tumor of childhood, occurring with an incidence of 1 in 10,000 and with a median age of diagnosis between 3 and 4 years of age. Wilms tumors are thought to develop from abnormally persistent embryonal cells within nephrogenic rests. Histologically, Wilms tumor mirrors the development of the normal kidney and classically consists of 3 cell types: blastema, epithelia, and stroma (summary by Slade et al., 2010). Genetic Heterogeneity of Wilms Tumor Susceptibility to Wilms tumor is genetically heterogeneous. WT2 (194071) is caused by mutation in the H19/IGF2-imprinting control region (ICR1; 616186) on chromosome 11p15. WT3 (194090) represents a locus mapped to chromosome 16q. WT4 (601363) represents a locus mapped to chromosome 17q12-q21. WT5 (601583) is caused by mutation in the POU6F2 gene (609062) on chromosome 7p14. WT6 (616806) is caused by mutation in the REST gene (600571) on chromosome 4q12. Mutations in the BRCA2 gene (600185) have also been reported in Wilms tumor. Rare somatic and constitutional disruption of the HACE1 gene (610876) has also been reported in Wilms tumor. Somatic mutations in the glypican-3 gene (GPC3; 300037) have been described in Wilms tumor. Somatic mutations in the WTX gene (300647) on the single X allele in tumors from males and on the active X allele in tumors from females have also been described.  http://www.omim.org/entry/194070
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Wilms tumor is a form of kidney cancer that primarily develops in children. Nearly all cases of Wilms tumor are diagnosed before the age of 10, with two-thirds being found before age 5.

With proper treatment, children with Wilms tumor have a 90 percent survival rate. However, the risk that the cancer will come back (recur) is between 15 and 50 percent, depending on traits of the original tumor. Tumors usually recur in the first 2 years following treatment and develop in the kidneys or other tissues, such as the lungs. Individuals who have had Wilms tumor may experience related health problems or late effects of their treatment in adulthood, such as decreased kidney function, heart disease, and development of additional cancers.

Wilms tumor is often first noticed because of abdominal swelling or a mass in the kidney that can be felt upon physical examination. Some affected children have abdominal pain, fever, a low number of red blood cells (anemia), blood in the urine (hematuria), or high blood pressure (hypertension). Additional signs of Wilms tumor can include loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and tiredness (lethargy).

Wilms tumor can develop in one or both kidneys. About 5 to 10 percent of affected individuals develop multiple tumors in one or both kidneys. Wilms tumor may spread from the kidneys to other parts of the body (metastasize). In rare cases, Wilms tumor does not involve the kidneys and occurs instead in the genital tract, bladder, abdomen, chest, or lower back. It is unclear how Wilms tumor develops in these tissues.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/wilms-tumor

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Yamauchi T, Negoro E, Lee S, Takai M, Matsuda Y, Takagi K, Kishi S, Tai K, Hosono N, Tasaki T, Ikegaya S, Yoshida A, Urasaki Y, Iwasaki H, Ueda T
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Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010 Dec;11(12):1466-76. PMID: 21154128

Curated

NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®), Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma), 2023

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Ge Y, Chen R, Ling T, Liu B, Huang J, Cheng Y, Lin Y, Chen H, Xie X, Xia G, Luo G, Yuan S, Xu A
J Clin Invest 2024 May 16;134(14) doi: 10.1172/JCI177932. PMID: 39007267Free PMC Article
Wang YQ, Wu DH, Wei D, Shen JY, Huang ZW, Liang XY, Cho WCS, Ma J, Lv J, Chen YP
Sci Adv 2023 Jan 6;9(1):eadd0960. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add0960. PMID: 36608137Free PMC Article
Luo P, Jing W, Yi K, Wu S, Zhou F
Leuk Lymphoma 2020 Sep;61(9):2059-2067. Epub 2020 May 13 doi: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1762884. PMID: 32401109
Kouhpeikar H, Butler AE, Bamian F, Barreto GE, Majeed M, Sahebkar A
J Cell Physiol 2019 Aug;234(8):12404-12414. Epub 2019 Jan 4 doi: 10.1002/jcp.28072. PMID: 30609023
Bright RK, Bright JD, Byrne JA
Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014;10(11):3297-305. doi: 10.4161/hv.29475. PMID: 25483660Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Luo P, Jing W, Yi K, Wu S, Zhou F
Leuk Lymphoma 2020 Sep;61(9):2059-2067. Epub 2020 May 13 doi: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1762884. PMID: 32401109
Sundling KE, Cibas ES
Cancer Cytopathol 2018 Aug;126 Suppl 8:590-598. doi: 10.1002/cncy.22021. PMID: 30156768
Salvatorelli L, Parenti R, Leone G, Musumeci G, Vasquez E, Magro G
Acta Histochem 2015 May-Jun;117(4-5):367-78. Epub 2015 Apr 14 doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.03.010. PMID: 25881478
Chen RY, Chang H
Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015 Apr;139(4):547-51. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0660-RS. PMID: 25822765
Qi XW, Zhang F, Wu H, Liu JL, Zong BG, Xu C, Jiang J
Sci Rep 2015 Mar 9;5:8924. doi: 10.1038/srep08924. PMID: 25748047Free PMC Article

Therapy

Nakata J, Oji Y, Oka Y, Sugiyama H
Expert Rev Hematol 2019 Apr;12(4):211-213. Epub 2019 Mar 18 doi: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1593824. PMID: 30882253
Kouhpeikar H, Butler AE, Bamian F, Barreto GE, Majeed M, Sahebkar A
J Cell Physiol 2019 Aug;234(8):12404-12414. Epub 2019 Jan 4 doi: 10.1002/jcp.28072. PMID: 30609023
Koido S, Okamoto M, Kobayashi M, Shimodaira S, Sugiyama H
Discov Med 2017 Aug;24(130):41-49. PMID: 28950074
Koido S, Okamoto M, Shimodaira S, Sugiyama H
Immunotherapy 2016 Nov;8(11):1309-1320. doi: 10.2217/imt-2016-0031. PMID: 27993090
Wu C, Wang Y, Xia Y, He S, Wang Z, Chen Y, Wu C, Shu Y, Jiang J
FEBS Lett 2014 Dec 20;588(24):4566-72. Epub 2014 Nov 4 doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.10.026. PMID: 25447528

Prognosis

Kroll KT, Mata MM, Homan KA, Micallef V, Carpy A, Hiratsuka K, Morizane R, Moisan A, Gubler M, Walz AC, Marrer-Berger E, Lewis JA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023 Aug 29;120(35):e2305322120. Epub 2023 Aug 21 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2305322120. PMID: 37603766Free PMC Article
Wang YQ, Wu DH, Wei D, Shen JY, Huang ZW, Liang XY, Cho WCS, Ma J, Lv J, Chen YP
Sci Adv 2023 Jan 6;9(1):eadd0960. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add0960. PMID: 36608137Free PMC Article
Yuan P, Cheedipudi SM, Rouhi L, Fan S, Simon L, Zhao Z, Hong K, Gurha P, Marian AJ
Circulation 2021 Jun;143(22):2169-2187. Epub 2021 Mar 17 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052928. PMID: 33726497Free PMC Article
Luo P, Jing W, Yi K, Wu S, Zhou F
Leuk Lymphoma 2020 Sep;61(9):2059-2067. Epub 2020 May 13 doi: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1762884. PMID: 32401109
Chen Y, Peng C, Chen J, Chen D, Yang B, He B, Hu W, Zhang Y, Liu H, Dai L, Xie H, Zhou L, Wu J, Zheng S
Mol Cancer 2019 Aug 22;18(1):127. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1053-8. PMID: 31438961Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Kroll KT, Mata MM, Homan KA, Micallef V, Carpy A, Hiratsuka K, Morizane R, Moisan A, Gubler M, Walz AC, Marrer-Berger E, Lewis JA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023 Aug 29;120(35):e2305322120. Epub 2023 Aug 21 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2305322120. PMID: 37603766Free PMC Article
Wang YQ, Wu DH, Wei D, Shen JY, Huang ZW, Liang XY, Cho WCS, Ma J, Lv J, Chen YP
Sci Adv 2023 Jan 6;9(1):eadd0960. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add0960. PMID: 36608137Free PMC Article
Yuan P, Cheedipudi SM, Rouhi L, Fan S, Simon L, Zhao Z, Hong K, Gurha P, Marian AJ
Circulation 2021 Jun;143(22):2169-2187. Epub 2021 Mar 17 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052928. PMID: 33726497Free PMC Article
Chen Y, Peng C, Chen J, Chen D, Yang B, He B, Hu W, Zhang Y, Liu H, Dai L, Xie H, Zhou L, Wu J, Zheng S
Mol Cancer 2019 Aug 22;18(1):127. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1053-8. PMID: 31438961Free PMC Article
Atik Y, Cetinkaya Demir B, Ozan H, Baykara S, Usubutun A, Yılmaz Erturk F
J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016 Jul;42(7):870-5. Epub 2016 Apr 7 doi: 10.1111/jog.12981. PMID: 27062662

Recent systematic reviews

Rashti R, Ghasemi F, Poorolajal J
Eur J Cancer Prev 2025 Jan 1;34(1):40-52. Epub 2024 May 20 doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000894. PMID: 38837193
Yu X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Mu Y, Shang F, Zhang N
Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Jul 2;99(27):e20713. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020713. PMID: 32629644Free PMC Article
Qi XW, Zhang F, Wu H, Liu JL, Zong BG, Xu C, Jiang J
Sci Rep 2015 Mar 9;5:8924. doi: 10.1038/srep08924. PMID: 25748047Free PMC Article

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    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
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      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Curated

    • NCCN, 2023
      NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®), Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma), 2023

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