Reticulum cell sarcoma- MedGen UID:
- 44224
- •Concept ID:
- C0024302
- •
- Neoplastic Process
A rare dendritic cell tumor characterized by a neoplasm composed of spindle to ovoid cells with phenotypic features similar to those of interdigitating dendritic cells. Solitary lymph node involvement is common, although extranodal localization (in particular skin and soft tissue) has also been reported. Patients usually present with an asymptomatic mass, sometimes with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, fever, and night sweats. Generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, or hepatomegaly may be seen in rare cases. The clinical course is generally aggressive.
Extramammary Paget disease- MedGen UID:
- 45280
- •Concept ID:
- C0030186
- •
- Neoplastic Process
A rare skin tumor characterized by predominantly intraepithelial growth of an adenocarcinoma which may either arise primarily in the skin (primary extramammary Paget disease) or result from intraepithelial spread of a visceral carcinoma (secondary extramammary Paget disease). The lesion is typically located in the anogenital region, presenting as a scaly, oozing, pruritic or painful erythematous plaque often resembling eczema. It may exhibit an invasive component with a significant risk of lymph node metastasis.
Pheochromocytoma- MedGen UID:
- 18419
- •Concept ID:
- C0031511
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma (PGL/PCC) syndromes are characterized by paragangliomas (tumors that arise from neuroendocrine tissues distributed along the paravertebral axis from the base of the skull to the pelvis) and pheochromocytomas (paragangliomas that are confined to the adrenal medulla). Sympathetic paragangliomas cause catecholamine excess; parasympathetic paragangliomas are most often nonsecretory. Extra-adrenal parasympathetic paragangliomas are located predominantly in the skull base and neck (referred to as head and neck PGL [HNPGL]) and sometimes in the upper mediastinum; approximately 95% of such tumors are nonsecretory. In contrast, sympathetic extra-adrenal paragangliomas are generally confined to the lower mediastinum, abdomen, and pelvis, and are typically secretory. Pheochromocytomas, which arise from the adrenal medulla, typically lead to catecholamine excess. Symptoms of PGL/PCC result from either mass effects or catecholamine hypersecretion (e.g., sustained or paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure, headache, episodic profuse sweating, forceful palpitations, pallor, and apprehension or anxiety). The risk for developing metastatic disease is greater for extra-adrenal sympathetic paragangliomas than for pheochromocytomas.
Androgen resistance syndrome- MedGen UID:
- 21102
- •Concept ID:
- C0039585
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is typically characterized by evidence of feminization (i.e., undermasculinization) of the external genitalia at birth, abnormal secondary sexual development in puberty, and infertility in individuals with a 46,XY karyotype. AIS represents a spectrum of defects in androgen action and can be subdivided into three broad phenotypes: Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), with typical female external genitalia. Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) with predominantly female, predominantly male, or ambiguous external genitalia. Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS) with typical male external genitalia.
Partial albinism- MedGen UID:
- 36361
- •Concept ID:
- C0080024
- •
- Congenital Abnormality
Piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant trait characterized by the congenital absence of melanocytes in affected areas of the skin and hair. A white forelock of hair, often triangular in shape, may be the only manifestation, or both the hair and the underlying forehead may be involved. The eyebrows and eyelashes may be affected. Irregularly shaped white patches may be observed on the face, trunk, and extremities, usually in a symmetrical distribution. Typically, islands of hyperpigmentation are present within and at the border of depigmented areas (summary by Thomas et al., 2004).
Xeroderma pigmentosum group B- MedGen UID:
- 78643
- •Concept ID:
- C0268136
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is characterized by: Acute sun sensitivity (severe sunburn with blistering, persistent erythema on minimal sun exposure) with marked freckle-like pigmentation of the face before age two years; Sunlight-induced ocular involvement (photophobia, severe keratitis, atrophy of the skin of the lids, ocular surface neoplasms); Greatly increased risk of sunlight-induced cutaneous neoplasms (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma) within the first decade of life. Approximately 25% of affected individuals have neurologic manifestations (acquired microcephaly, diminished or absent deep tendon stretch reflexes, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, progressive cognitive impairment, and ataxia). The most common causes of death are skin cancer, neurologic degeneration, and internal cancer. The median age at death in persons with XP with neurodegeneration (29 years) was found to be younger than that in persons with XP without neurodegeneration (37 years).
Adamantinoma- MedGen UID:
- 83163
- •Concept ID:
- C0334556
- •
- Neoplastic Process
A rare, primary low-grade malignant bone tumor that occurs in more than 80% of cases on the anterior surface of the tibia (tibial dyaphysis). Most cases are symptomatic or present with pain, swelling, bowing deformity or pathological fracture. Metastases especially in the lungs may be observed.
Multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma- MedGen UID:
- 154270
- •Concept ID:
- C0546476
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Individuals with multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE) develop multiple invasive skin tumors that undergo spontaneous regression leaving pitted scars. Age at onset is highly variable, ranging from 8 to 62 years. The disorder shows autosomal dominant inheritance, and most affected families have originated from western Scotland (Bose et al., 2006). MSSE has been considered to be a variety of multiple keratoacanthoma (Biskind et al., 1957; Haydey et al., 1980).
OSLAM syndrome- MedGen UID:
- 331588
- •Concept ID:
- C1833792
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Syndrome characterized by the association of osteosarcoma, limb anomalies (clinodactyly with brachymesophalangia, bilateral radioulnar synostosis and absence of one digital ray of the foot) and red cell macrocytosis without anemia. It has been described in three out of nine children from one family.
Myasthenia, limb-girdle, autoimmune- MedGen UID:
- 331795
- •Concept ID:
- C1834635
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Disorder due cytochrome p450 CYP2D6 variant- MedGen UID:
- 323088
- •Concept ID:
- C1837154
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Thymoma, familial- MedGen UID:
- 376447
- •Concept ID:
- C1848814
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Thymomas are low-grade epithelial cancers of the thymus. Familial occurrence of thymoma is rare.
Paragangliomas 3- MedGen UID:
- 340200
- •Concept ID:
- C1854336
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma (PGL/PCC) syndromes are characterized by paragangliomas (tumors that arise from neuroendocrine tissues distributed along the paravertebral axis from the base of the skull to the pelvis) and pheochromocytomas (paragangliomas that are confined to the adrenal medulla). Sympathetic paragangliomas cause catecholamine excess; parasympathetic paragangliomas are most often nonsecretory. Extra-adrenal parasympathetic paragangliomas are located predominantly in the skull base and neck (referred to as head and neck PGL [HNPGL]) and sometimes in the upper mediastinum; approximately 95% of such tumors are nonsecretory. In contrast, sympathetic extra-adrenal paragangliomas are generally confined to the lower mediastinum, abdomen, and pelvis, and are typically secretory. Pheochromocytomas, which arise from the adrenal medulla, typically lead to catecholamine excess. Symptoms of PGL/PCC result from either mass effects or catecholamine hypersecretion (e.g., sustained or paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure, headache, episodic profuse sweating, forceful palpitations, pallor, and apprehension or anxiety). The risk for developing metastatic disease is greater for extra-adrenal sympathetic paragangliomas than for pheochromocytomas.
ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia 1- MedGen UID:
- 347456
- •Concept ID:
- C1857451
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is an endogenous form of adrenal Cushing syndrome characterized by multiple bilateral adrenocortical nodules that cause a striking enlargement of the adrenal glands. Although some familial cases have been reported, the vast majority of AIMAH cases are sporadic. Patients typically present in the fifth and sixth decades of life, approximately 10 years later than most patients with other causes of Cushing syndrome (Swain et al., 1998; Christopoulos et al., 2005).
Approximately 10 to 15% of adrenal Cushing syndrome is due to primary bilateral ACTH-independent adrenocortical pathology. The 2 main subtypes are AIMAH and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD, see 610489), which is often a component of the Carney complex (160980) and associated with mutations in the PRKAR1A gene (188830) on chromosome 17q23-q24. AIMAH is rare, representing less than 1% of endogenous causes of Cushing syndrome (Swain et al., 1998; Christopoulos et al., 2005).
See also ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome (615830) due to somatic mutation in the PRKACA gene (601639).
Cushing 'disease' (219090) is an ACTH-dependent disorder caused in most cases by pituitary adenomas that secrete excessive ACTH.
Genetic Heterogeneity of ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia
AIMAH2 (615954) is caused by germline mutation of 1 allele of the ARMC5 gene (615549) coupled with a somatic mutation in the other allele.
Brooke-Spiegler syndrome- MedGen UID:
- 346703
- •Concept ID:
- C1857941
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS) typically manifests in the second or third decade with the appearance of multiple skin tumors including cylindromas, spiradenomas, trichoepitheliomas, and rarely, membranous basal cell adenoma of the salivary gland. The first tumor typically develops at puberty and tumors progressively accumulate through adulthood. Females often have more tumors than males. Tumors typically arise on the scalp and face but can also arise on the torso and sun-protected sites, such as the genital and axillary skin. A minority of individuals develop salivary gland tumors. Rarely, pulmonary cylindromas can develop in large airways and compromise breathing. Although the tumors are usually benign, malignant transformation is recognized.
Paragangliomas 4- MedGen UID:
- 349380
- •Concept ID:
- C1861848
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma (PGL/PCC) syndromes are characterized by paragangliomas (tumors that arise from neuroendocrine tissues distributed along the paravertebral axis from the base of the skull to the pelvis) and pheochromocytomas (paragangliomas that are confined to the adrenal medulla). Sympathetic paragangliomas cause catecholamine excess; parasympathetic paragangliomas are most often nonsecretory. Extra-adrenal parasympathetic paragangliomas are located predominantly in the skull base and neck (referred to as head and neck PGL [HNPGL]) and sometimes in the upper mediastinum; approximately 95% of such tumors are nonsecretory. In contrast, sympathetic extra-adrenal paragangliomas are generally confined to the lower mediastinum, abdomen, and pelvis, and are typically secretory. Pheochromocytomas, which arise from the adrenal medulla, typically lead to catecholamine excess. Symptoms of PGL/PCC result from either mass effects or catecholamine hypersecretion (e.g., sustained or paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure, headache, episodic profuse sweating, forceful palpitations, pallor, and apprehension or anxiety). The risk for developing metastatic disease is greater for extra-adrenal sympathetic paragangliomas than for pheochromocytomas.
Cancer, familial, with in vitro Radioresistance- MedGen UID:
- 396248
- •Concept ID:
- C1861915
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Premature aging syndrome, Okamoto type- MedGen UID:
- 356468
- •Concept ID:
- C1866183
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Paragangliomas 2- MedGen UID:
- 357076
- •Concept ID:
- C1866552
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma (PGL/PCC) syndromes are characterized by paragangliomas (tumors that arise from neuroendocrine tissues distributed along the paravertebral axis from the base of the skull to the pelvis) and pheochromocytomas (paragangliomas that are confined to the adrenal medulla). Sympathetic paragangliomas cause catecholamine excess; parasympathetic paragangliomas are most often nonsecretory. Extra-adrenal parasympathetic paragangliomas are located predominantly in the skull base and neck (referred to as head and neck PGL [HNPGL]) and sometimes in the upper mediastinum; approximately 95% of such tumors are nonsecretory. In contrast, sympathetic extra-adrenal paragangliomas are generally confined to the lower mediastinum, abdomen, and pelvis, and are typically secretory. Pheochromocytomas, which arise from the adrenal medulla, typically lead to catecholamine excess. Symptoms of PGL/PCC result from either mass effects or catecholamine hypersecretion (e.g., sustained or paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure, headache, episodic profuse sweating, forceful palpitations, pallor, and apprehension or anxiety). The risk for developing metastatic disease is greater for extra-adrenal sympathetic paragangliomas than for pheochromocytomas.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, susceptibility to, 2- MedGen UID:
- 413336
- •Concept ID:
- C2750548
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a multifactorial malignancy associated with both genetic and environmental factors. The cancer arises from the epithelium of the nasopharynx (summary by Tse et al., 2009).
For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, see NPCA1 (607107).
N syndrome- MedGen UID:
- 424834
- •Concept ID:
- C2936859
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Syndrome that is characterized by intellectual deficit, deafness, ocular anomalies, T-cell leukemia, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and spasticity. Mutations in DNA polymerase alpha, leading to increased chromosome breakage, may be responsible for the syndrome. X-linked recessive transmission has been proposed.
Immunodeficiency, common variable, 2- MedGen UID:
- 461704
- •Concept ID:
- C3150354
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Kaposi sarcoma, susceptibility to- MedGen UID:
- 761233
- •Concept ID:
- C3538945
- •
- Finding
UV-sensitive syndrome 1- MedGen UID:
- 764087
- •Concept ID:
- C3551173
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
UV-sensitive syndrome-1 is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cutaneous photosensitivity and mild freckling, without an increased risk of skin tumors. Patient cells show impaired recovery of RNA synthesis (RRS) after UV irradiation due to defective preferential repair of DNA damage in actively transcribing genes, although unscheduled DNA repair is normal. The cellular findings are consistent with a defect in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) of UV damage (summary by Horibata et al., 2004).
Genetic Heterogeneity of UV-Sensitive Syndrome
See also UVSS2 (614621), caused by mutation in the ERCC8 gene (609412) on chromosome 5q12, and UVSS3 (614640), caused by mutation in the UVSSA gene (614632) on chromosome 4p16.
Cervix cancer- MedGen UID:
- 890252
- •Concept ID:
- C4048328
- •
- Neoplastic Process
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the cervix.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, periodontal type 2- MedGen UID:
- 934648
- •Concept ID:
- C4310681
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Periodontal Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (pEDS) is characterized by distinct oral manifestations. Periodontal tissue breakdown beginning in the teens results in premature loss of teeth. Lack of attached gingiva and thin and fragile gums lead to gingival recession. Connective tissue abnormalities of pEDS typically include easy bruising, pretibial plaques, distal joint hypermobility, hoarse voice, and less commonly manifestations such as organ or vessel rupture. Since the first descriptions of pEDS in the 1970s, 148 individuals have been reported in the literature; however, future in-depth descriptions of non-oral manifestations in newly diagnosed individuals with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of pEDS will be important to further define the clinical features.
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to CREBBP mutations- MedGen UID:
- 1639327
- •Concept ID:
- C4551859
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is characterized by distinctive facial features, broad and often angulated thumbs and halluces, short stature, and moderate-to-severe intellectual disability. The characteristic craniofacial features are downslanted palpebral fissures, low-hanging columella, high palate, grimacing smile, and talon cusps. Prenatal growth is often normal, then height, weight, and head circumference percentiles rapidly drop in the first few months of life. Short stature is typical in adulthood. Obesity may develop in childhood or adolescence. Average IQ ranges between 35 and 50; however, developmental outcome varies considerably. Some individuals with EP300-RSTS have normal intellect. Additional features include ocular abnormalities, hearing loss, respiratory difficulties, congenital heart defects, renal abnormalities, cryptorchidism, feeding problems, recurrent infections, and severe constipation.
Prostate cancer, hereditary, 1- MedGen UID:
- 1648436
- •Concept ID:
- C4722327
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Some cancerous tumors can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Tumors that begin at one site and then spread to other areas of the body are called metastatic cancers. The signs and symptoms of metastatic cancer depend on where the disease has spread. If prostate cancer spreads, cancerous cells most often appear in the lymph nodes, bones, lungs, liver, or brain. \n\nThe severity and outcome of prostate cancer varies widely. Early-stage prostate cancer can usually be treated successfully, and some older men have prostate tumors that grow so slowly that they may never cause health problems during their lifetime, even without treatment. In other men, however, the cancer is much more aggressive; in these cases, prostate cancer can be life-threatening.\n\nA small percentage of prostate cancers are hereditary and occur in families. These hereditary cancers are associated with inherited gene variants. Hereditary prostate cancers tend to develop earlier in life than non-inherited (sporadic) cases.\n\nEarly prostate cancer usually does not cause pain, and most affected men exhibit no noticeable symptoms. Men are often diagnosed as the result of health screenings, such as a blood test for a substance called prostate specific antigen (PSA) or a medical exam called a digital rectal exam (DRE). As the tumor grows larger, signs and symptoms can include difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine, a feeling of not being able to empty the bladder completely, blood in the urine or semen, or pain with ejaculation. However, these changes can also occur with many other genitourinary conditions. Having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a man has prostate cancer.\n\nProstate cancer is a common disease that affects men, usually in middle age or later. In this disorder, certain cells in the prostate become abnormal, multiply without control or order, and form a tumor. The prostate is a gland that surrounds the male urethra and helps produce semen, the fluid that carries sperm.