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TP63-Related Disorders

, MD and , PhD.

Author Information and Affiliations

Initial Posting: ; Last Update: April 1, 2021.

Estimated reading time: 27 minutes

Summary

Clinical characteristics.

The TP63-related disorders comprise six overlapping phenotypes:

  • Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome (which includes Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome)
  • Acro-dermo-ungual-lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome
  • Ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC3)
  • Limb-mammary syndrome
  • Split-hand/foot malformation type 4 (SHFM4)
  • Isolated cleft lip/cleft palate (orofacial cleft 8)

Individuals typically have varying combinations of ectodermal dysplasia (hypohidrosis, nail dysplasia, sparse hair, tooth abnormalities), cleft lip/palate, split-hand/foot malformation/syndactyly, lacrimal duct obstruction, hypopigmentation, hypoplastic breasts and/or nipples, and hypospadias. Findings associated with a single phenotype include ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (tissue strands that completely or partially fuse the upper and lower eyelids), skin erosions especially on the scalp associated with areas of scarring, and alopecia, trismus, and excessive freckling.

Diagnosis/testing.

The diagnosis of a TP63-related disorder is established in a proband with suggestive findings and a heterozygous pathogenic variant in TP63 identified by molecular genetic testing.

Management.

Treatment of manifestations: A multidisciplinary team of specialists in clinical genetics, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, audiology, dentistry and prosthodontics, plastic surgery, nutrition/gastroenterology, and psychology is recommended. Skin erosions are treated with gentle wound care and periodic, dilute bleach soaks to prevent secondary infection, and infants with severe skin erosions are monitored and treated aggressively for dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and infection. Wigs can be used for sparse hair and alopecia; dentures may be considered in early childhood and dental implants in the teens or early adulthood. Cleft lip/palate is managed per routine protocols; limb malformations are treated with occupational therapy and surgery as needed to optimize function.

Surveillance: Regular attention to dental needs and possible hearing loss.

Genetic counseling.

The TP63-related disorders are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Approximately 30% of individuals diagnosed with a TP63-related disorder have an affected parent. The proportion of individuals with a TP63-related disorder caused by a de novo TP63 pathogenic variant is approximately 70%. If a parent of the proband is affected and/or is known to have the pathogenic variant identified in the proband, the risk to the sibs is 50%. Once the TP63 pathogenic variant has been identified in an affected family member, prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing are possible.

GeneReview Scope

TP63-Related Disorders: Included Phenotypes 1
  • Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC syndrome)
    • Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome
  • Acro-dermo-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT syndrome)
  • Ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC3)
  • Limb-mammary syndrome
  • Split-hand/foot malformation type 4 (SHFM4)
  • Isolated cleft lip/cleft palate (orofacial cleft 8)

For synonyms and outdated names see Nomenclature.

1.

For other genetic causes of these phenotypes, see Differential Diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Suggestive Findings

A TP63-related disorder should be suspected/considered in individuals with a combination of the following findings.

Clinical findings

  • Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum
  • Dermal erosions
  • Signs of ectodermal dysplasia
    • Hypohidrosis
    • Nail dysplasia
    • Sparse hair
    • Tooth abnormalities
  • Freckles in sun-exposed areas
  • Cleft lip/palate
  • Split-hand/foot malformation and/or syndactyly
  • Lacrimal duct obstruction
  • Hypopigmentation
  • Hypospadias
  • Hypoplastic nipples/breasts

Family history is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance (e.g., affected males and females in multiple generations). Absence of a known family history does not preclude the diagnosis.

Note: The TP63-related disorders include five overlapping phenotypes as well as isolated cleft lip/palate (see Clinical Description and Table 2 for details on the phenotypes).

Establishing the Diagnosis

The diagnosis of a TP63-related disorder is established in a proband with suggestive findings and a heterozygous pathogenic variant in TP63 identified by molecular genetic testing (see Table 1). Identification of a heterozygous TP63 variant of uncertain significance does not establish or rule out the diagnosis of this disorder.

Molecular genetic testing approaches can include a combination of gene-targeted testing (single-gene testing and multigene panel) and comprehensive genomic testing (exome sequencing, genome sequencing) depending on the phenotype.

Gene-targeted testing requires that the clinician determine which gene(s) are likely involved, whereas genomic testing does not. Individuals with the distinctive findings described in Suggestive Findings are likely to be diagnosed using gene-targeted testing (see Option 1), whereas those with a phenotype indistinguishable from many other inherited disorders with ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate, or split-hand/foot malformation are more likely to be diagnosed using genomic testing (see Option 2).

Option 1

Single-gene testing. Sequence analysis of TP63 is performed first to detect small intragenic deletions/insertions and missense, nonsense, and splice site variants. Note: Depending on the sequencing method used, single-exon, multiexon, or whole-gene deletions/duplications may not be detected. If no variant is detected by the sequencing method used, the next step is to perform gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis to detect exon and whole-gene deletions or duplications.

A multigene panel that includes TP63 and other genes of interest (see Differential Diagnosis) is more likely to identify the genetic cause of the condition while limiting identification of variants of uncertain significance and pathogenic variants in genes that do not explain the underlying phenotype. Note: (1) The genes included in the panel and the diagnostic sensitivity of the testing used for each gene vary by laboratory and are likely to change over time. (2) Some multigene panels may include genes not associated with the condition discussed in this GeneReview. (3) In some laboratories, panel options may include a custom laboratory-designed panel and/or custom phenotype-focused exome analysis that includes genes specified by the clinician. (4) Methods used in a panel may include sequence analysis, deletion/duplication analysis, and/or other non-sequencing-based tests.

For an introduction to multigene panels click here. More detailed information for clinicians ordering genetic tests can be found here.

Option 2

Comprehensive genomic testing does not require the clinician to determine which gene is likely involved. Exome sequencing is most commonly used; genome sequencing is also possible.

For an introduction to comprehensive genomic testing click here. More detailed information for clinicians ordering genomic testing can be found here.

Table 1.

Molecular Genetic Testing Used in TP63-Related Disorders

Gene 1MethodProportion of Probands with a Pathogenic Variant 2 Detectable by Method
TP63 Sequence analysis 399% 4
Gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis 5Rare 4, 6
1.

See Table A. Genes and Databases for chromosome locus and protein.

2.

See Molecular Genetics for information on variants detected in this gene.

3.

Sequence analysis detects variants that are benign, likely benign, of uncertain significance, likely pathogenic, or pathogenic. Variants may include small intragenic deletions/insertions and missense, nonsense, and splice site variants; typically, exon or whole-gene deletions/duplications are not detected. For issues to consider in interpretation of sequence analysis results, click here.

4.

Data derived from the subscription-based professional view of Human Gene Mutation Database [Stenson et al 2017]

5.

Gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis detects intragenic deletions or duplications. Methods used may include quantitative PCR, long-range PCR, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and a gene-targeted microarray designed to detect single-exon deletions or duplications.

6.

A single case report of a four-exon deletion of TP63 has been reported in an individual with EEC3 [Aradhya et al 2012]. Partial deletions of TP63 have been reported in families with orofacial cleft (with or without other findings of a TP63-related disorder) [Khandelwal et al 2019].

Clinical Characteristics

Clinical Description

The TP63-related disorders include the overlapping phenotypes summarized in Table 2 and fully described in the text that follows.

Table 2.

TP63-Related Disorders: Comparison of Phenotypes by Select Features

FeatureTP63-Related Disorder
AECADULTEEC3Limb-
mammary
SHFM4Orofacial
cleft 8
Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatumX
Ectodermal dysplasiaXXXRare
Hypohidrosis 1XXX
Nail dysplasiaXXMildX
Sparse hairXXX
Tooth abnormalitiesXXXX
Cleft lip/palateXXXX
Split-hand/foot malformation / syndactylyXXXXX
Lacrimal duct obstructionXXXX
Dermal erosionsX
HypopigmentationXXX
HypospadiasXX
TrismusX
Excessive frecklingX
Hypoplastic breastsXX
Hypoplastic nipplesXX

ADULT = acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth; AEC = ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate; EEC3 = ectrodactyly (split-hand/foot malformation), ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate syndrome 3; SHFM4 = split-hand/foot malformation type 4

1.

Mostly subjective

AEC Syndrome

The manifestations of ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome are typically present at birth.

Ankyloblepharon is present in 70% of neonates. While the upper- and lower-eyelid adhesions can be obvious, partial adhesion of the upper and lower eyelids can be subtle and the filiform adhesions can spontaneously lyse before they are recognized as such.

Lacrimal puncta are frequently absent, often leading to chronic conjunctivitis and blepharitis, which is often not recognized in infancy but seen in early childhood [Sutton et al 2009].

Ectodermal defects

  • Skin. Nearly 100% of affected neonates have superficial skin erosions that vary from very limited to severe, life-threatening full-body involvement. The erosions most typically affect the scalp at birth and during infancy. Severe scalp erosions often lead to scarring alopecia and hypotrichosis. This is NOT seen in other TP63-related disorders.
    The skin erosions tend to be recurrent and intermittent throughout childhood and into adulthood with frequent involvement of the head and neck, palms, soles, and skin folds.
    Congenital erythroderma (i.e., diffuse erythema with associated erosions) is observed in 70%-90% of infants. The skin can also appear shiny with a collodion membrane (red, shiny, membranous skin changes) [Siegfried et al 2005].
    Children typically manifest cutaneous depigmentation and scarring, most likely due to postinflammatory pigmentary changes related to previous erythroderma and associated underlying erosions that may or may not be appreciated clinically. African American infants can have facial hypopigmentation in a mask pattern that improves with age. Affected individuals with fair skin typically have a reticulated hyperpigmentation on the neck and intertriginous areas that progresses with age to cribriform, reticulate, stellate, or punctate scarring most commonly on the shoulders, upper back, and chest.
    Histopathologic features of skin biopsies may reveal epidermal atrophy, pigment incontinence, and a prominent superficial perivascular plexus with limited lymphocytic infiltrate [Dishop et al 2009].
  • Hair changes become more obvious with age. Hair is typically light colored and coarse, wiry, and brittle with a spun-glass/gold or "uncombable" appearance. Eyebrows and eyelashes are sparse. Light and scanning microscopy may reveal structural and pigmentary alterations of the hair including kinking, grooves, and discontinuous pigmentation.
  • Nail changes, present in all and more obvious with age, vary among individuals. Most affected individuals have nail dystrophy (abnormal nail plate texture) and hyperconvex nail plates. Micronychia (abnormally small nail plates), distal frayed edges with nail plate resorption, and absent nails are also frequent [Julapalli et al 2009].
  • Dental anomalies. Malformed teeth (conical shape with small occlusal tables) and hypodontia (reduced number of teeth) also become evident during childhood and adolescence. Affected adults have an average of 4.75 secondary teeth [Farrington & Lausten 2009].
  • Sweating. In certain cases, there are fewer sweat pores and decreased sweating [Ferstl et al 2018]; however, this does NOT lead to hyperthermia or fevers as seen in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Clefting is present in all. Clefting can include submucous cleft palate only, cleft of the soft and/or the hard palate only, cleft lip only, or the combination of cleft lip and cleft palate [Cole et al 2009].

Other findings include the following:

  • Limb anomalies were initially not considered to be part of the syndrome, but syndactyly of fingers and toes and/or camptodactyly (permanent and irreducible flexion of the fingers) of hands have been seen. Split-hand/foot malformation was observed in two of 17 individuals (12%) with AEC syndrome [Sutton et al 2009].
  • Hypospadias has been reported in 78% of males with AEC syndrome [Sutton et al 2009].
  • Facial features become more distinctive with age. Findings commonly include maxillary hypoplasia, micrognathia, broad nasal root, underdeveloped alae nasi, thin vermilion of the upper lip, and short philtrum.
  • Trismus has been reported in 35% of individuals with AEC syndrome [Sutton et al 2009].
  • Hearing loss. More than 90% of children have conductive hearing loss, often with secondary speech delay [Cole et al 2009].
  • Growth. Poor weight gain and failure to thrive should be anticipated. When treated appropriately with nutritional supplementation poor weight gain improves with age.
    Linear growth abnormalities are observed in early childhood with a significantly lower height for age compared to the reference population. The growth pattern in AEC is similar to that reported for hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia [Motil & Fete 2009].
  • Psychological impact related to the phenotypic features of the disease can include a reduced quality of life with negative impact on both child and family. In one study, a variable degree of psychological functioning was noted with some families reporting few ill effects from the disease while others reported significant impact [Lane et al 2009].

ADULT Syndrome

The manifestations of acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome are typically present at birth (although they may become more prominent with age), with the exception of skin freckling.

Limb anomalies. Syndactyly of fingers and toes is most commonly seen.

Ectodermal defects

  • Skin tends to be dry but erosions are not present.
  • Hair changes are more obvious with age. Hair is typically light colored and fine. Eyebrows and eyelashes are sparse.
  • Nail dysplasia is commonly reported.
  • Dental anomalies. Malformed teeth (conical shape with small occlusal tables) and hypodontia (reduced number of teeth) also become evident during childhood and adolescence.
  • Sweating. Subjective decreased sweat production is universal and is reported as heat intolerance; however, this does NOT lead to hyperthermia or fevers as seen in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Lacrimal duct atresia is frequent and often leads to chronic conjunctivitis and blepharitis, which are often not recognized until early childhood [Sutton et al 2009].

Breast and/or nipple hypoplasia is seen commonly and most notably in females. This feature is characteristic of ADULT and limb-mammary syndrome and NOT typically seen in other TP63-related disorders.

Excessive freckling in sun-exposed areas is seen in a subset of affected individuals and progresses with age and sun exposure. This feature is NOT seen in other TP63-related disorders.

EEC3

The manifestations of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC3) are typically present at birth.

Limb anomalies are seen in 68%-90% of individuals with 60% having tetramelic involvement. A wide variety of limb abnormalities are reported including syndactyly, oligodactyly, split-hand/foot malformation, and digital duplication. A cohort of 152 individuals with EEC syndrome showed split-hand/foot malformation in 68% and syndactyly in 43% [Rinne et al 2006a].

Ectodermal defects

  • Skin tends to be dry but erosions are not present.
  • Hair changes become more obvious with age and are seen in 60%-80% of individuals with EEC syndrome [Rinne et al 2006a]. Hair is typically silvery blond, coarse, and dry; 20% have sparse hair. Light microscopy has been reported to be normal in EEC syndrome [Pashayan et al 1974]. Eyebrows and eyelashes are sparse.
  • Nail dysplasia is commonly reported.
  • Dental anomalies. Malformed teeth (conical shape with small occlusal tables) and hypodontia (reduced number of teeth) also become evident during childhood and adolescence.
  • Sweating. Hypohidrosis is uncommon in EEC3 [Ferstl et al 2018].

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is present in 60%-75% and is bilateral in half of cases. Clefting can include submucous cleft palate only, cleft of the soft and/or the hard palate only, cleft lip only, or the combination of cleft lip and cleft palate [Buss et al 1995].

Absent lacrimal puncta is reported in 90% of individuals and results in tearing, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and photophobia and often leads to corneal ulceration and scarring [Buss et al 1995].

Genitourinary malformations are reported in 45% and may include hypospadias and developmental abnormalities of the kidneys and urinary collecting system.

Limb-Mammary Syndrome

The manifestations of limb-mammary syndrome are typically present at birth.

Limb anomalies including split-hand/foot malformation and syndactyly are reported in 75%-85% of individuals.

Breast and/or nipple hypoplasia is seen commonly with almost all individuals having nipple aplasia or hypoplasia and 90% of females having mammary gland aplasia or hypoplasia. This feature is characteristic of ADULT and limb-mammary syndrome and NOT typically seen in other TP63-related disorders.

Lacrimal duct atresia is seen in about half leading to chronic conjunctivitis and blepharitis, which are often not recognized until early childhood [van Bokhoven et al 1999].

Ectodermal defects

  • Nail dysplasia is reported in 30% of individuals.
  • Dental anomalies. Hypodontia (reduced number of teeth) also becomes evident during childhood and adolescence and is seen in 10%-15%.

Note: Skin and hair abnormalities are NOT typically seen, in contrast to other TP63-related disorders.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is present in 25%-30% of individuals and can include submucous cleft palate only, cleft of the soft and/or the hard palate only, cleft lip only, or the combination of cleft lip and cleft palate.

SHFM4

The manifestations of split-hand/foot malformation-4 (SHFM4) are typically present at birth.

Limb abnormalities include median clefts of the hands and feet; aplasia/hypoplasia of phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals; and some syndactyly.

Ectodermal abnormalities and cleft lip/palate are considered to be exclusion criteria for making the diagnosis SHFM4.

Isolated Cleft Lip/Palate (Orofacial Cleft 8)

Identification of a TP63 pathogenic variant in three individuals ‒ a girl age 4 years; a boy age 3 years and his father; all with apparent nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate ‒ have been reported by Leoyklang et al [2006] and Basha et al [2018], respectively. Further evaluations revealed no other features of TP63-related disorders in these individuals.

Khandelwal et al [2019] identified partial deletions of TP63 in individuals from three families with orofacial cleft and/or hypodontia and minor anomalies of the skin and nails.

Genotype-Phenotype Correlations

Note: Pathogenic variants have been described on two TP63 isoforms: the TAp63α isoform, encoded by NM_003722.4, and the ΔNp63α isoform, encoded by NM_001114982.1, which is 39 amino acids shorter and has an alternate N-terminal TA domain. See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 1. . Typical and common TP63 pathogenic variants identified in various disorders as indicated by color key.

Figure 1.

Typical and common TP63 pathogenic variants identified in various disorders as indicated by color key. Pathogenic variants indicated by * are specific for the ΔNp63α isoform and their numbering is based on the respective reference sequences (more...)

AEC syndrome. All pathogenic variants associated with AEC syndrome occur in either the sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain (82%) or the ΔNp63-specific N-terminal domain (18%). Pathogenic variants in the N-terminal domain that introduce premature termination codons lead to the use of an alternative start codon [Rinne et al 2008] and to the consequent production of ΔNp63α isoforms lacking the N-terminal domain, which are specifically associated with AEC syndrome. This isoform of p63 is the predominant isoform in mature epidermis, and it has been shown to repress ZNF750, leading to impaired epidermal differentiation [Zarnegar et al 2012].

ADULT syndrome is typically associated with pathogenic variants in the DNA binding domain. Other pathogenic variants have been reported in isolated individuals with features reminiscent of ADULT syndrome, but also of other TP63-associated syndromes in ΔNp63α (an alternative TA domain), in TAp63α between the TA and DNA binding domains [Rinne et al 2006b, Rinne et al 2007], and at other locations in TAp63α [van Zelst-Stams & van Steensel 2009].

EEC3. All EEC3-causing pathogenic variants are missense variants in the DNA binding domain and have been demonstrated to disrupt DNA binding [Rinne et al 2006b]. Splice changes and frameshifts associated with EEC3 have been reported [Celli et al 1999, van Bokhoven et al 2001, Barrow et al 2002, Monti et al 2013].

Limb-mammary syndrome is caused by pathogenic missense variants that are located between the transactivation domain and the DNA binding domain (p.Gly115, p.Ser129, and p.Gly173 residues in TAp63α) or by truncating variants in the SAM domain of TP63 [van Bokhoven et al 2001, Rinne et al 2007].

SHFM4. Pathogenic missense variants in the TA and DNA binding domains have been associated with SHFM4 [Rinne et al 2007].

Orofacial cleft 8 has been associated with a TP63 variant in the DNA binding domain [Leoyklang et al 2006, Basha et al 2018].

Penetrance

Reduced penetrance or possible germline mosaicism has been documented in a small number of individuals and families.

  • Reduced penetrance for SHFM4 [Spranger & Schapera 1988] and ADULT syndrome [Amiel et al 2001] has been reported.
  • A few individuals who do not appear to be clinically affected have had more than one child with AEC syndrome. These occurrences may be the result of reduced penetrance, but are more likely the result of somatic and germline mosaicism in one parent.
    In one family, the TP63 pathogenic variant present in affected fraternal twins was also present in the phenotypically normal mother. The data suggested somatic mosaicism in the mother [van Bokhoven, unpublished data] with presumed germline mosaicism.

Nomenclature

Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome is also known as Hay-Wells syndrome, after the physicians who first described the condition in 1976.

Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS), once considered a separate entity, is now considered to be part of the spectrum of the AEC syndrome because of the overlap of clinical manifestations and TP63 pathogenic variants in the two conditions [Cambiaghi et al 1994, McGrath et al 2001].

EEC3 is thought to be genetically unrelated to EEC1 (which has been mapped to chromosome 7q11q21). An entity called EEC2 was initially mapped to chromosome 19 [O'Quinn et al 1998]; however, pathogenic variants in TP63 were ultimately identified [Celli et al 1999].

Prevalence

TP63-related disorders are rare. The prevalence of disorders individually or collectively is unknown.

Differential Diagnosis

Table 3.

Genes of Interest in the Differential Diagnosis of TP63-Related Disorders

TP63-Related DisorderDifferential DiagnosisGene/
Genetic
Mechanism
MOIOverlapping FeaturesDistinguishing Features
AEC syndrome Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) EXPH5
KRT5
KRT14
TGM5
AR
AD
Skin erosions at birth
  • Erosions in AEC syndrome are typically more superficial & not assoc w/formation of bullae.
  • Nondermatologic features & dermatopathology also distinguish EBS from AEC syndrome.
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis ABCA12
ALOX12B
ALOXE3
CASP14
CERS3
CYP4F22
LIPN
NIPAL4
PNPLA1
SDR9C7
SLC27A4
TGM1
ARErythroderma w/collodion membrane in newborn period 1AEC is not assoc w/collodion membrane or ichthyosis.
Curly hair-ankyloblepharon-nail dysplasia syndrome (CHANDS)
(OMIM 214350)
RIPK4 ARAnkyloblepharon & hair changesCHANDS typically does not incl significant facial/oral clefting or skin erosions that are virtually universal in AEC syndrome.
Cocoon syndrome 2 CHUK AR
AD
Ankyloblepharon, cleft lip/palate, ectodermal dysplasiaCocoon syndrome is assoc w/hypogammaglobulinemia & recurrent infections (features not observed in AEC syndrome)
SHFM4 SHFM1
(OMIM 183600)
DLX5 ADSplit-hand/foot malformation
  • SHFM1 is assoc w/high incidence of hearing loss.
  • Findings are largely restricted to limbs.
  • Dental & lacrimal duct abnormalities are seen in <10% of persons. 3
SHFM3
(OMIM 246560)
10q24 contiguous gene duplicationADSHFM3 is not assoc w/lacrimal, dental, or ectodermal abnormalities (beyond nail abnormalities assoc w/developmental defects of the digits). 4
SHFM6
(OMIM 225300)
WNT10B 5ARSHFM6 is not assoc w/lacrimal, dental, or ectodermal abnormalities.
TP63-related disorders generally Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) EDA
EDAR
EDARADD
WNT10A
AD
AR
XL
Hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, hypodontia
  • Hypohidrosis in HED is severe enough to impair body temperature regulation, a problem not seen in TP63-related disorders.
  • Orofacial clefting, universal in AEC syndrome, is not typically seen in HED.

AEC = ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate; AD = autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive; MOI = mode of inheritance; SHFM = split-hand/foot malformation; XL = X-linked

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Interestingly, all but one of the affected individuals in the initial pedigree also had promoter polymorphism in TP63 [Ugur & Tolun 2008].

Hereditary disorders of unknown genetic cause to consider in the differential diagnosis of TP63-related disorders

  • Differential diagnosis of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate syndrome (EEC). EEC1 (OMIM 129900) is suspected to be caused by pathogenic variants in a gene on chromosome 7q21-q22 based on a series of individuals with various cytogenetically visible chromosomal abnormalities. Other EEC-like phenotypes that do not appear to involve the EEC1 and EEC3 loci have been described.
  • Differential diagnosis of split-hand/foot malformation type 4 (SHFM4). SHFM2 (OMIM 313350) has been mapped to Xq26, and while both males and females are affected, males tend to have a more severe phenotype. Cleft lip/palate and ectodermal defects are not seen in this condition.

Management

No clinical practice guidelines for TP63-related disorders have been published.

Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis

To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with a TP63 -related disorder, the evaluations summarized in Table 4 (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended.

Table 4.

Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis in Individuals with a TP63-Related Disorder

System/ConcernEvaluationComment
Ocular issues Ophthalmologic evalEvaluate for ankyloblepharon, lacrimal duct atresia/obstruction, dry eyes, & blepharitis.
Skin, hair, & nail
issues
Dermatologic eval
Dental anomalies Dental & prosthodontics evalsAssess for need for implants.
Cleft lip/palate Eval by multispecialty cleft team
Hearing loss Otolaryngologic eval & auditory evoked responses
Breast/nipple
asymmetry
Plastic surgery eval
Growth delay Nutritional evalFurther assessment by gastroenterologist may be needed.
Developmental
delay
Developmental assessment
Limb
malformations
  • OT/PT evals
  • Hand surgery eval
Genetic
counseling
By genetics professionals 1To inform affected persons & their families re nature, MOI, & implications of a TP63-related disorder to facilitate medical & personal decision making
Family support/
resources
Assess:
  • Use of community or online resources such as Parent to Parent;
  • Need for social work involvement for parental support;
  • Impact of phenotype on normal life & need for counseling.

MOI = mode of inheritance; OT = occupational therapy; PT = physical therapy

1.

Medical geneticist, certified genetic counselor, certified advanced genetic nurse

Treatment of Manifestations

Management by multidisciplinary specialists, including clinical genetics, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, audiology, dentistry and prosthodontics, plastic surgery, nutrition/gastroenterology, and psychology, is recommended.

Table 5.

Treatment of Manifestations in Individuals with a TP63-Related Disorder

Manifestation/ConcernTreatmentConsiderations/Other
Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum These strands of tissue between upper & lower eyelids are often small & autolyse shortly after birth; larger ones may require surgical separation by ophthalmologist.
Lacrimal duct atresia/obstruction Possible need for probing or surgical intervention per ophthalmologist
Dry eyes / blepharitis Hydrating ocular drops or gels
Skin erosions Gentle wound care & periodic, dilute bleach soaks (Dakins solution) to prevent secondary infectionOcclusive dressings should not be used, as they tend to stimulate granulation tissue.
Treat secondary infections w/topical or oral antibiotics or antifungal agents when appropriate.Empiric treatment (i.e., use of antibiotic w/o culture-proven infection) is not recommended.
Infants w/severe skin erosions: monitor & treat aggressively for dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, & secondary infection & sepsis.
Sparse hair / alopecia Wigs can be used as desired.
Hypodontia
  • Childhood: consider dentures.
  • Teen or early-adult: consider dental implants.
Cleft lip/palate Care managed by a multispecialty cleft team
Hearing loss Myringotomy for conductive hearing loss from chronic otitis media
Breast/nipple asymmetry Females: significant breast asymmetry may be corrected w/plastic surgery.
Growth delay Optimization of oral caloric intakeGastrostomy tube placement may be considered.
Developmental delay Assessment & treatment by developmental pediatrician &/or child neuropsychologist
Limb malformations OT & hand/foot surgery as needed to optimize function
Psychological impact of phenotypic features Referral for psychological support/counseling as necessary

OT = occupational therapy

Surveillance

Table 6.

Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with a TP63-Related Disorder

System/ConcernEvaluationFrequency
HypodontiaProsthodontic assessmentPer dental specialist
Hearing lossAudiologic testingPer audiologist/otolaryngologist

Agents/Circumstances to Avoid

Prolonged exposure to sunlight should be avoided to:

  • Prevent sunburn of hypopigmented areas and increase in contrast between the patchy areas of hyper- and hypopigmentation seen in AEC syndrome;
  • Minimize freckling of skin in individuals with ADULT syndrome.

Evaluation of Relatives at Risk

It is appropriate to clarify the genetic status of apparently asymptomatic at-risk relatives in order to identify as early as possible those who would benefit from regular evaluation for disease manifestations with attention to dental needs and possible hearing loss.

See Genetic Counseling for issues related to testing of at-risk relatives for genetic counseling purposes.

Therapies Under Investigation

Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. Note: There may not be clinical trials for this disorder.

Genetic Counseling

Genetic counseling is the process of providing individuals and families with information on the nature, mode(s) of inheritance, and implications of genetic disorders to help them make informed medical and personal decisions. The following section deals with genetic risk assessment and the use of family history and genetic testing to clarify genetic status for family members; it is not meant to address all personal, cultural, or ethical issues that may arise or to substitute for consultation with a genetics professional. —ED.

Mode of Inheritance

TP63-related disorders are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

Risk to Family Members

Parents of a proband

  • Approximately 30% of individuals diagnosed with AEC have an affected parent. This appears to be true for the other TP63-related disorders as well [H van Bokhoven, AF Bree, VR Sutton, unpublished data].
  • The proportion of individuals with AEC caused by a de novo TP63 pathogenic variant is approximately 70%. This appears to be true for the other TP63-related disorders as well [H van Bokhoven, AF Bree, VR Sutton, unpublished data].
  • If the proband appears to be the only affected family member (i.e., a simplex case), molecular genetic testing is recommended for the parents of the proband to confirm their genetic status and to allow reliable recurrence risk counseling.
  • If the pathogenic variant identified in the proband is not identified in either parent, the following possibilities should be considered:
    • The proband has a de novo pathogenic variant. Note: A pathogenic variant is reported as "de novo" if: (1) the pathogenic variant found in the proband is not detected in parental DNA; and (2) parental identity testing has confirmed biological maternity and paternity. If parental identity testing is not performed, the variant is reported as "assumed de novo" [Richards et al 2015].
    • The proband inherited a pathogenic variant from a parent with germline (or somatic and germline) mosaicism * [Enriquez et al 2016; van Bokhoven, unpublished data]. Note: Testing of parental leukocyte DNA may not detect all instances of somatic mosaicism.
      * A parent with somatic and germline mosaicism for a TP63 pathogenic variant may be mildly/minimally affected.
  • The family history of some individuals diagnosed with a TP63-related disorder may appear to be negative because of failure to recognize the disorder in family members or reduced penetrance. Therefore, an apparently negative family history cannot be confirmed unless molecular genetic testing has demonstrated that neither parent is heterozygous for the TP63 pathogenic variant identified in the proband.

Sibs of a proband. The risk to the sibs of the proband depends on the genetic status of the proband's parents:

  • If a parent of the proband is affected and/or is known to have the pathogenic variant identified in the proband, the risk to the sibs is 50%. There can be a significant range of clinical variability in affected family members.
  • If the TP63 pathogenic variant identified in the proband cannot be detected in the leukocyte DNA of either parent, the recurrence risk to sibs is slightly greater than that of the general population because of the possibility of parental germline mosaicism [Enriquez et al 2016; van Bokhoven, unpublished data].
  • If the parents have not been tested for the TP63 pathogenic variant but are clinically unaffected, the risk to the sibs of a proband appears to be low. However, sibs of a proband with clinically unaffected parents are still presumed to be at increased risk for a TP63-related disorder because of the possibility of reduced penetrance in a heterozygous parent or the possibility of parental germline mosaicism.

Offspring of a proband. Each child of an individual with a TP63-related disorder has a 50% chance of inheriting the TP63 pathogenic variant.

Other family members. The risk to other family members depends on the genetic status of the proband's parents: if a parent has the TP63 pathogenic variant, his or her family members may be at risk.

Related Genetic Counseling Issues

See Management, Evaluation of Relatives at Risk for information on evaluating at-risk relatives for the purpose of early diagnosis and treatment.

Family planning

  • The optimal time for determination of genetic risk and discussion of the availability of prenatal/preimplantation genetic testing is before pregnancy.
  • It is appropriate to offer genetic counseling (including discussion of potential risks to offspring and reproductive options) to young adults who are affected or at risk.

Prenatal Testing and Preimplantation Genetic Testing

Once the TP63 pathogenic variant has been identified in an affected family member, prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing are possible.

Differences in perspective may exist among medical professionals and within families regarding the use of prenatal testing. While most centers would consider use of prenatal testing to be a personal decision, discussion of these issues may be helpful.

Resources

GeneReviews staff has selected the following disease-specific and/or umbrella support organizations and/or registries for the benefit of individuals with this disorder and their families. GeneReviews is not responsible for the information provided by other organizations. For information on selection criteria, click here.

Molecular Genetics

Information in the Molecular Genetics and OMIM tables may differ from that elsewhere in the GeneReview: tables may contain more recent information. —ED.

Table A.

TP63-Related Disorders: Genes and Databases

GeneChromosome LocusProteinLocus-Specific DatabasesHGMDClinVar
TP63 3q28 Tumor protein 63 TP63 @ LOVD TP63 TP63

Data are compiled from the following standard references: gene from HGNC; chromosome locus from OMIM; protein from UniProt. For a description of databases (Locus Specific, HGMD, ClinVar) to which links are provided, click here.

Table B.

OMIM Entries for TP63-Related Disorders (View All in OMIM)

103285ADULT SYNDROME
106260ANKYLOBLEPHARON-ECTODERMAL DEFECTS-CLEFT LIP/PALATE; AEC
129400RAPP-HODGKIN SYNDROME; RHS
603273TUMOR PROTEIN p63; TP63
603543LIMB-MAMMARY SYNDROME; LMS
604292ECTRODACTYLY, ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA, AND CLEFT LIP/PALATE SYNDROME 3; EEC3
605289SPLIT-HAND/FOOT MALFORMATION 4; SHFM4
618149OROFACIAL CLEFT 8; OFC8

Molecular Pathogenesis

Transcription factor p63 encoded by TP63 is a key regulator in epithelial commitment and development. TP63 encodes a large number of p63 isoforms, which are engaged in dimeric and tetrameric complexes regulating a network of genes important for development of ectodermal structures [Khandelwal et al 2019]. Different p63 isoforms have been shown to play roles in various cells and tissues, such as the epidermis, oocytes, muscles, and cochlea. TP63 is a master regulator of the embryonic development and differentiation of ectodermal cells [Shalom-Feuerstein et al 2013]. Additionally, it plays a critical role in the development of the apical ectodermal ridge of the limb bud in collaboration with the signaling molecule FGF8 [Restelli et al 2014]. The ΔN promoter is the only active promoter and the 3′ exon is the first expressed exon detected in epidermal cells throughout epidermal stratification in many epithelial cells, such as those from skin, oral tissues, and the mammary gland [Sethi et al 2015, Soares & Zhou 2018]. In contrast, the TA isoform is generally expressed at a low level in a range of nonepithelial cells. Thus, TAp63 is expressed in oocytes and plays an important role in controlling apoptosis in response to DNA damage [Deutsch et al 2011]. In the cochlea, the TA isoform is also expressed and regulates the Notch signaling pathway, which is required for proper cochlea development [Terrinoni et al 2013]. Additionally, TAp63 has been found to be expressed in late-stage myogenesis [Cefalù et al 2015] and in cardiomyocyte development [Rouleau et al 2011].

Mechanism of disease causation. Variants in TP63 lead to three major phenotypes: ectodermal dysplasia, orofacial clefting (OFC), and split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) [Celli et al 1999]. Heterozygous TP63 variants have been associated with five different syndromes with overlapping phenotypic features: ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate syndrome (EEC), ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS), acro-dermo-ungual-lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome, and limb-mammary syndrome (LMS). Rare TP63 variants are causative for OFC with variable mild ectodermal features (OFC8) [Leoyklang et al 2006], and for nonsyndromic SHFM4.

A broad spectrum of different heterozygous variants has been reported in TP63, leading to the developmental disorders stated above. The vast majority of variants give rise to amino acid substitutions. A striking genotype-phenotype correlation for TP63 missense variants is apparent in EEC and AEC syndrome / RHS [Rinne et al 2006a, Figure 1]. Variants underlying EEC and AEC syndrome / RHS exert dominant-negative effects by interfering with normal p63 proteins in dimeric and tetrameric complexes. Variants in LMS affect yet another region of the p63 protein, and probably have dominant-negative effects. Causative variants in ADULT syndrome typically give rise to amino acid substitution of arginine 337 in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) but appear to exert gain-of-function effects, in contrast to dominant-negative DBD missense variants seen in EEC syndrome. Deletions encompassing large parts of TP63 generating loss-of-function alleles are associated with OFC8 [Khandelwal et al 2019].

Notable TP63 variants. Figure 1 demonstrates typical and common TP63 pathogenic variants identified with the various phenotypes.

Chapter Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias and Executive Director Mary Fete, who organized the International Research Symposium on AEC syndrome, and all the individuals and families who participated in the research that contributed to this review. Additionally, we would like to express our gratitude to Dr John Carey and the American Journal of Medical Genetics for publishing these research results in a unified special issue of the journal.

Author History

Alanna F Bree, MD; Dermatology Specialists of Houston (2010-2015)
V Reid Sutton, MD (2010-present)
Hans van Bokhoven, PhD (2010-present)

Revision History

  • 1 April 2021 (ha) Comprehensive update posted live
  • 5 December 2019 (vrs) Revision: correction to SHFM4
  • 6 August 2015 (me) Comprehensive update posted live
  • 8 June 2010 (me) Review posted live
  • 2 February 2010 (vrs) Original submission

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