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Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

MedGen UID:
1674094
•Concept ID:
C5197752
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonyms: RED S; RED S Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport; RED-S; RED-S Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport; RED-Ss

Definition

Health disorders associated with low caloric intake of individuals involved in high-activity SPORTS. [from MeSH]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVRelative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Professional guidelines

PubMed

2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs).
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, Burke LM, Constantini N, Hackney AC, Heikura IA, Melin A, Pensgaard AM, Stellingwerff T, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Torstveit MK, Jacobsen AU, Verhagen E, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U
Br J Sports Med 2023 Sep;57(17):1073-1097. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994. PMID: 37752011
IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update.
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Lundy B, Melin AK, Meyer NL, Sherman RT, Tenforde AS, Klungland Torstveit M, Budgett R
Br J Sports Med 2018 Jun;52(11):687-697. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193. PMID: 29773536
The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Meyer N, Sherman R, Steffen K, Budgett R, Ljungqvist A
Br J Sports Med 2014 Apr;48(7):491-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502. PMID: 24620037

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs).
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, Burke LM, Constantini N, Hackney AC, Heikura IA, Melin A, Pensgaard AM, Stellingwerff T, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Torstveit MK, Jacobsen AU, Verhagen E, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U
Br J Sports Med 2023 Sep;57(17):1073-1097. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994. PMID: 37752011
Stress fractures.
da Rocha Lemos Costa TM, Borba VZC, Correa RGP, Moreira CA
Arch Endocrinol Metab 2022 Nov 11;66(5):765-773. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000562. PMID: 36382766Free PMC Article
Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance.
Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, Delahunt E, Heinen M, Donnell SM, Corish CA
Nutrients 2020 Mar 20;12(3) doi: 10.3390/nu12030835. PMID: 32245088Free PMC Article
Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique.
Melin AK, Heikura IA, Tenforde A, Mountjoy M
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019 Mar 1;29(2):152-164. Epub 2019 Feb 26 doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201. PMID: 30632422
The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Meyer N, Sherman R, Steffen K, Budgett R, Ljungqvist A
Br J Sports Med 2014 Apr;48(7):491-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502. PMID: 24620037

Diagnosis

2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs).
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, Burke LM, Constantini N, Hackney AC, Heikura IA, Melin A, Pensgaard AM, Stellingwerff T, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Torstveit MK, Jacobsen AU, Verhagen E, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U
Br J Sports Med 2023 Sep;57(17):1073-1097. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994. PMID: 37752011
Stress fractures.
da Rocha Lemos Costa TM, Borba VZC, Correa RGP, Moreira CA
Arch Endocrinol Metab 2022 Nov 11;66(5):765-773. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000562. PMID: 36382766Free PMC Article
Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED - S).
Dave SC, Fisher M
Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2022 Aug;52(8):101242. Epub 2022 Jul 30 doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101242. PMID: 35915044
Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): Shared Pathways, Symptoms and Complexities.
Stellingwerff T, Heikura IA, Meeusen R, Bermon S, Seiler S, Mountjoy ML, Burke LM
Sports Med 2021 Nov;51(11):2251-2280. Epub 2021 Jun 28 doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0. PMID: 34181189
The Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S).
Coelho AR, Cardoso G, Brito ME, Gomes IN, Cascais MJ
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2021 May;43(5):395-402. Epub 2021 Jun 2 doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1730289. PMID: 34077990Free PMC Article

Therapy

Stress fractures.
da Rocha Lemos Costa TM, Borba VZC, Correa RGP, Moreira CA
Arch Endocrinol Metab 2022 Nov 11;66(5):765-773. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000562. PMID: 36382766Free PMC Article
Risk of Low Energy Availability in National and International Level Paralympic Athletes: An Exploratory Investigation.
Pritchett K, DiFolco A, Glasgow S, Pritchett R, Williams K, Stellingwerff T, Roney P, Scaroni S, Broad E
Nutrients 2021 Mar 18;13(3) doi: 10.3390/nu13030979. PMID: 33803566Free PMC Article
A Review of Nonpharmacological Strategies in the Treatment of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport.
Kuikman MA, Mountjoy M, Stellingwerff T, Burr JF
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021 May 1;31(3):268-275. Epub 2021 Jan 19 doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0211. PMID: 33465762
Resistance Training and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism in Eumenorrheic Females: Implications for Researchers and Practitioners.
Knowles OE, Aisbett B, Main LC, Drinkwater EJ, Orellana L, Lamon S
Sports Med 2019 Nov;49(11):1637-1650. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01132-7. PMID: 31190324
The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Meyer N, Sherman R, Steffen K, Budgett R, Ljungqvist A
Br J Sports Med 2014 Apr;48(7):491-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502. PMID: 24620037

Prognosis

Signs of low energy availability in elite male volleyball athletes but no association with risk of bone stress injury and patellar tendinopathy.
Sesbreno E, Blondin DP, Dziedzic C, Sygo J, Haman F, Leclerc S, Brazeau AS, Mountjoy M
Eur J Sport Sci 2023 Oct;23(10):2067-2075. Epub 2023 Jan 7 doi: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2157336. PMID: 36480965
Within-Day Energy Balance and Metabolic Suppression in Male Collegiate Soccer Players.
Lee S, Moto K, Han S, Oh T, Taguchi M
Nutrients 2021 Jul 30;13(8) doi: 10.3390/nu13082644. PMID: 34444803Free PMC Article
The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part II: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-To-Play.
Fredericson M, Kussman A, Misra M, Barrack MT, De Souza MJ, Kraus E, Koltun KJ, Williams NI, Joy E, Nattiv A
Clin J Sport Med 2021 Jul 1;31(4):349-366. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000948. PMID: 34091538
Indices of Resting Metabolic Rate Accurately Reflect Energy Deficiency in Exercising Women.
Strock NCA, Koltun KJ, Southmayd EA, Williams NI, De Souza MJ
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020 Jan 1;30(1):14-24. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0199. PMID: 31887723
Sex Differences in Common Sports Injuries.
Lin CY, Casey E, Herman DC, Katz N, Tenforde AS
PM R 2018 Oct;10(10):1073-1082. Epub 2018 Mar 14 doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.03.008. PMID: 29550413Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Nutritional Management.
Grabia M, Perkowski J, Socha K, Markiewicz-Żukowska R
Nutrients 2024 Jan 25;16(3) doi: 10.3390/nu16030359. PMID: 38337644Free PMC Article
Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs.
Torstveit MK, Ackerman KE, Constantini N, Holtzman B, Koehler K, Mountjoy ML, Sundgot-Borgen J, Melin A
Br J Sports Med 2023 Sep;57(17):1119-1126. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106932. PMID: 37752004
The development and validation of a questionnaire to assess relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) knowledge.
Pai NN, Brown RC, Black KE
J Sci Med Sport 2022 Oct;25(10):794-799. Epub 2022 Jul 12 doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.07.004. PMID: 35909054
Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects in prospective studies in females and males.
Areta JL, Taylor HL, Koehler K
Eur J Appl Physiol 2021 Jan;121(1):1-21. Epub 2020 Oct 23 doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0. PMID: 33095376Free PMC Article
Endocrine Effects of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport.
Elliott-Sale KJ, Tenforde AS, Parziale AL, Holtzman B, Ackerman KE
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018 Jul 1;28(4):335-349. Epub 2018 Jul 14 doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0127. PMID: 30008240

Recent systematic reviews

Risk Factors for Running-Related Injury in High School and Collegiate Cross-country Runners: A Systematic Review.
Joachim MR, Kuik ML, Krabak BJ, Kraus EM, Rauh MJ, Heiderscheit BC
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024 Feb;54(2):1-13. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2023.11550. PMID: 37970801

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