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Separation anxiety disorder

MedGen UID:
1999
•Concept ID:
C0003477
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonyms: Anxiety Disorder, Separation; Anxiety, Separation; Separation Anxiety; Separation Anxiety Disorder
SNOMED CT: Separation anxiety (126943008); Separation anxiety disorder (11806006)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0001098

Definition

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent excessive distress due to fear of separation from the home or from major attachment figures; the distress is developmentally inappropriate and causes impairment in social, academic, or other areas of functioning. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVSeparation anxiety disorder

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Editorial: Parent-Based Treatment for Childhood Anxiety.
McKelvey R
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020 Mar;59(3):342-343. Epub 2019 May 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.04.025. PMID: 31128270
Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.
Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, den Boer JA, Christmas DM, Davies S, Fineberg N, Lidbetter N, Malizia A, McCrone P, Nabarro D, O'Neill C, Scott J, van der Wee N, Wittchen HU
J Psychopharmacol 2014 May;28(5):403-39. Epub 2014 Apr 8 doi: 10.1177/0269881114525674. PMID: 24713617
Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.
Creswell C, Waite P, Cooper PJ
Arch Dis Child 2014 Jul;99(7):674-8. Epub 2014 Mar 17 doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-303768. PMID: 24636957Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents.
Kowalchuk A, Gonzalez SJ, Zoorob RJ
Am Fam Physician 2022 Dec;106(6):657-664. PMID: 36521463
Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety disorders.
Kodal A, Fjermestad K, Bjelland I, Gjestad R, Öst LG, Bjaastad JF, Haugland BSM, Havik OE, Heiervang E, Wergeland GJ
J Anxiety Disord 2018 Jan;53:58-67. Epub 2017 Nov 26 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.003. PMID: 29195188
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after.
Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC
Psychol Bull 2014 May;140(3):816-45. Epub 2013 Nov 11 doi: 10.1037/a0034733. PMID: 24219155Free PMC Article
Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States.
Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen H -U
Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2012 Sep;21(3):169-84. Epub 2012 Aug 1 doi: 10.1002/mpr.1359. PMID: 22865617Free PMC Article
Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V.
Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009 Sep;32(3):483-524. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002. PMID: 19716988Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents.
Kowalchuk A, Gonzalez SJ, Zoorob RJ
Am Fam Physician 2022 Dec;106(6):657-664. PMID: 36521463
Anxiety Disorders in the DSM-5: Changes, Controversies, and Future Directions.
Park SC, Kim YK
Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1191:187-196. doi: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_12. PMID: 32002930
Anxiety.
Craske MG, Stein MB
Lancet 2016 Dec 17;388(10063):3048-3059. Epub 2016 Jun 24 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6. PMID: 27349358
Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.
Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, den Boer JA, Christmas DM, Davies S, Fineberg N, Lidbetter N, Malizia A, McCrone P, Nabarro D, O'Neill C, Scott J, van der Wee N, Wittchen HU
J Psychopharmacol 2014 May;28(5):403-39. Epub 2014 Apr 8 doi: 10.1177/0269881114525674. PMID: 24713617
Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V.
Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009 Sep;32(3):483-524. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002. PMID: 19716988Free PMC Article

Therapy

Advances in Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders.
Nicotra CM, Strawn JR
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023 Jul;32(3):573-587. Epub 2023 Mar 28 doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.02.006. PMID: 37201968
Current and Novel Psychopharmacological Drugs for Anxiety Disorders.
Bandelow B
Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1191:347-365. doi: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_19. PMID: 32002937
Anxiety.
Craske MG, Stein MB
Lancet 2016 Dec 17;388(10063):3048-3059. Epub 2016 Jun 24 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6. PMID: 27349358
Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.
Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, den Boer JA, Christmas DM, Davies S, Fineberg N, Lidbetter N, Malizia A, McCrone P, Nabarro D, O'Neill C, Scott J, van der Wee N, Wittchen HU
J Psychopharmacol 2014 May;28(5):403-39. Epub 2014 Apr 8 doi: 10.1177/0269881114525674. PMID: 24713617
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after.
Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC
Psychol Bull 2014 May;140(3):816-45. Epub 2013 Nov 11 doi: 10.1037/a0034733. PMID: 24219155Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents.
Kowalchuk A, Gonzalez SJ, Zoorob RJ
Am Fam Physician 2022 Dec;106(6):657-664. PMID: 36521463
Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety disorders.
Kodal A, Fjermestad K, Bjelland I, Gjestad R, Öst LG, Bjaastad JF, Haugland BSM, Havik OE, Heiervang E, Wergeland GJ
J Anxiety Disord 2018 Jan;53:58-67. Epub 2017 Nov 26 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.003. PMID: 29195188
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after.
Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC
Psychol Bull 2014 May;140(3):816-45. Epub 2013 Nov 11 doi: 10.1037/a0034733. PMID: 24219155Free PMC Article
Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V.
Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009 Sep;32(3):483-524. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002. PMID: 19716988Free PMC Article
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence.
Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003 Aug;60(8):837-44. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837. PMID: 12912767

Clinical prediction guides

Relationship Between Adult Separation Anxiety and Attachment Styles and Vaginismus.
Unlubilgin E, Tetik S, Aksoy I, Yuksel D, Tekin OM
J Sex Med 2021 Oct;18(10):1752-1758. Epub 2021 Aug 18 doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.07.005. PMID: 34417127
A neurobiological framework of separation anxiety and related phenotypes.
Schiele MA, Bandelow B, Baldwin DS, Pini S, Domschke K
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020 Apr;33:45-57. Epub 2020 Feb 8 doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.009. PMID: 32046934
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after.
Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC
Psychol Bull 2014 May;140(3):816-45. Epub 2013 Nov 11 doi: 10.1037/a0034733. PMID: 24219155Free PMC Article
Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V.
Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009 Sep;32(3):483-524. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002. PMID: 19716988Free PMC Article
Parent-reported predictors of adolescent panic attacks.
Hayward C, Wilson KA, Lagle K, Killen JD, Taylor CB
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 May;43(5):613-20. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200405000-00015. PMID: 15100568

Recent systematic reviews

Exploring the Impact of Family Separation on Refugee Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-narrative Analysis.
Ali-Naqvi O, Alburak TA, Selvan K, Abdelmeguid H, Malvankar-Mehta MS
Psychiatr Q 2023 Mar;94(1):61-77. Epub 2023 Jan 24 doi: 10.1007/s11126-022-10013-8. PMID: 36690848
EEG correlates of attentional control in anxiety disorders: A systematic review of error-related negativity and correct-response negativity findings.
Michael JA, Wang M, Kaur M, Fitzgerald PB, Fitzgibbon BM, Hoy KE
J Affect Disord 2021 Aug 1;291:140-153. Epub 2021 May 24 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.049. PMID: 34038831
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Anxiety and Depression in Youth With Epilepsy.
Scott AJ, Sharpe L, Loomes M, Gandy M
J Pediatr Psychol 2020 Mar 1;45(2):133-144. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz099. PMID: 31904859
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Offspring of Parents With Anxiety Disorders.
Lawrence PJ, Murayama K, Creswell C
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019 Jan;58(1):46-60. Epub 2018 Nov 1 doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.898. PMID: 30577938
The epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the Arab world: a review.
Tanios CY, Abou-Saleh MT, Karam AN, Salamoun MM, Mneimneh ZN, Karam EG
J Anxiety Disord 2009 May;23(4):409-19. Epub 2008 Oct 31 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.009. PMID: 19091509

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