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Anxiety disorder

MedGen UID:
361
•Concept ID:
C0003469
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonyms: Anxiety Disorder; Anxiety Disorders; Disorder, Anxiety; Disorders, Anxiety
SNOMED CT: Anxiety disorder (197480006)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0005618

Definition

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics.
Stewart DE, Vigod SN
Annu Rev Med 2019 Jan 27;70:183-196. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106. PMID: 30691372
Treatment of anxiety disorders.
Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D
Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2017 Jun;19(2):93-107. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelow. PMID: 28867934Free PMC Article
Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults.
Locke AB, Kirst N, Shultz CG
Am Fam Physician 2015 May 1;91(9):617-24. PMID: 25955736

Curated

UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG113, Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management

UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG192, Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance, 2020

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for Generalised Anxiety Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Ghahari S, Mohammadi-Hasel K, Malakouti SK, Roshanpajouh M
East Asian Arch Psychiatry 2020 Jun;30(2):52-56. doi: 10.12809/eaap1885. PMID: 32611828
Understanding Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents and Improving Treatment Outcomes: Applying the Cognitive Model of Clark and Wells (1995).
Leigh E, Clark DM
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2018 Sep;21(3):388-414. doi: 10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5. PMID: 29654442Free PMC Article
Vortioxetine Treatment for Anxiety Disorder: A Meta-Analysis Study.
Yee A, Ng CG, Seng LH
Curr Drug Targets 2018;19(12):1412-1423. doi: 10.2174/1389450118666171117131151. PMID: 29149828
Anxiety.
Dean E
Nurs Stand 2016 Jul 13;30(46):15. doi: 10.7748/ns.30.46.15.s17. PMID: 27406490
Social anxiety disorder.
Stein MB, Stein DJ
Lancet 2008 Mar 29;371(9618):1115-25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60488-2. PMID: 18374843

Diagnosis

Anxiety Disorders: A Review.
Szuhany KL, Simon NM
JAMA 2022 Dec 27;328(24):2431-2445. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.22744. PMID: 36573969
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Revisited.
Showraki M, Showraki T, Brown K
Psychiatr Q 2020 Sep;91(3):905-914. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09747-0. PMID: 32383134
Biological markers of generalized anxiety disorder.
Maron E, Nutt D
Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2017 Jun;19(2):147-158. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/dnutt. PMID: 28867939Free PMC Article
Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): conceptual review and treatment implications.
Behar E, DiMarco ID, Hekler EB, Mohlman J, Staples AM
J Anxiety Disord 2009 Dec;23(8):1011-23. Epub 2009 Jul 8 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.006. PMID: 19700258
Social anxiety disorder.
Stein MB, Stein DJ
Lancet 2008 Mar 29;371(9618):1115-25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60488-2. PMID: 18374843

Therapy

Use of cannabidiol in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.
Skelley JW, Deas CM, Curren Z, Ennis J
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020 Jan-Feb;60(1):253-261. Epub 2019 Dec 19 doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.008. PMID: 31866386
Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, Liu Y, Cheng Z, Freemantle N
Lancet 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-777. Epub 2019 Jan 31 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31793-8. PMID: 30712879
Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, Pogue JR, Rothbaum B, Emmelkamp P, Asmundson GJG, Carlbring P, Powers MB
J Anxiety Disord 2019 Jan;61:27-36. Epub 2018 Aug 10 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003. PMID: 30287083
Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG
Depress Anxiety 2018 Jun;35(6):502-514. Epub 2018 Feb 16 doi: 10.1002/da.22728. PMID: 29451967Free PMC Article
Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review.
Lakhan SE, Vieira KF
Nutr J 2010 Oct 7;9:42. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-42. PMID: 20929532Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics.
Stewart DE, Vigod SN
Annu Rev Med 2019 Jan 27;70:183-196. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106. PMID: 30691372
Tennis elbow: associated psychological factors.
Aben A, De Wilde L, Hollevoet N, Henriquez C, Vandeweerdt M, Ponnet K, Van Tongel A
J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2018 Mar;27(3):387-392. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.11.033. PMID: 29433642
Treatment of selective mutism: a 5-year follow-up study.
Oerbeck B, Overgaard KR, Stein MB, Pripp AH, Kristensen H
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018 Aug;27(8):997-1009. Epub 2018 Jan 22 doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1110-7. PMID: 29357099Free PMC Article
Overview of generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, presentation, and course.
Weisberg RB
J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70 Suppl 2:4-9. PMID: 19371500
A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B
Arch Intern Med 2006 May 22;166(10):1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092. PMID: 16717171

Clinical prediction guides

Effectiveness of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder and co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder in routine clinical practice: A subgroup analysis of the RELIEVE study.
Almeida SS, Christensen MC, Simonsen K, Adair M
J Psychopharmacol 2023 Mar;37(3):279-288. Epub 2022 Nov 15 doi: 10.1177/02698811221132468. PMID: 36377523Free PMC Article
The relationship between nomophobia and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents.
Kuscu TD, Gumustas F, Rodopman Arman A, Goksu M
Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021 Mar;25(1):56-61. Epub 2020 Sep 17 doi: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1819334. PMID: 32940094
Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis.
Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2016 Mar-Apr;39:24-31. Epub 2015 Nov 18 doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005. PMID: 26719105
Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students.
Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL
Am J Orthopsychiatry 2007 Oct;77(4):534-42. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534. PMID: 18194033
Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).
Connor KM, Davidson JR
Depress Anxiety 2003;18(2):76-82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113. PMID: 12964174

Recent systematic reviews

The gut microbiota in anxiety and depression - A systematic review.
Simpson CA, Diaz-Arteche C, Eliby D, Schwartz OS, Simmons JG, Cowan CSM
Clin Psychol Rev 2021 Feb;83:101943. Epub 2020 Oct 29 doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101943. PMID: 33271426
Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, Liu Y, Cheng Z, Freemantle N
Lancet 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-777. Epub 2019 Jan 31 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31793-8. PMID: 30712879
Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, Di Nisio M, Duffy S, Hernandez AV, Keurentjes JC, Lang S, Misso K, Ryder S, Schmidlkofer S, Westwood M, Kleijnen J
JAMA 2015 Jun 23-30;313(24):2456-73. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.6358. PMID: 26103030
Exercise as Treatment for Anxiety: Systematic Review and Analysis.
Stonerock GL, Hoffman BM, Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA
Ann Behav Med 2015 Aug;49(4):542-56. doi: 10.1007/s12160-014-9685-9. PMID: 25697132Free PMC Article
Generalised anxiety disorder.
Gale CK, Millichamp J
BMJ Clin Evid 2011 Oct 27;2011 PMID: 22030083Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
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    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Curated

    • NICE, 2020
      UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG113, Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management
    • NICE, 2020
      UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG192, Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance, 2020

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

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    • PMC Articles
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