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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

MedGen UID:
452363
•Concept ID:
C0270549
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonyms: GAD; GAD - Generalized anxiety disorder; Generalized anxiety disorder; generalized anxiety disorder
SNOMED CT: Generalized anxiety disorder (21897009); GAD - Generalized anxiety disorder (21897009)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0001942

Definition

An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive and difficult-to-control worry about a number of life situations. The worry is accompanied by restlessness, fatigue, inability to concentrate, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep disturbance and lasts for at least 6 months. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVGeneralized Anxiety Disorder

Professional guidelines

PubMed

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders.
Ströhle A, Gensichen J, Domschke K
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018 Sep 14;155(37):611-620. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611. PMID: 30282583Free PMC Article
Treatment of anxiety disorders.
Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D
Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2017 Jun;19(2):93-107. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelow. PMID: 28867934Free PMC Article
Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults.
Locke AB, Kirst N, Shultz CG
Am Fam Physician 2015 May 1;91(9):617-24. PMID: 25955736

Curated

UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG113, Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Interventions for generalized anxiety disorder.
Byrne GJ
Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023 Mar 1;36(2):134-139. Epub 2022 Dec 6 doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000840. PMID: 36705012
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults.
DeGeorge KC, Grover M, Streeter GS
Am Fam Physician 2022 Aug;106(2):157-164. PMID: 35977134
Anxiety symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
Citkowska-Kisielewska A, Rutkowski K, Sobański JA, Dembińska E, Mielimąka M
Psychiatr Pol 2019 Aug 31;53(4):845-864. doi: 10.12740/PP/105378. PMID: 31760413
Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
DeMartini J, Patel G, Fancher TL
Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 2;170(7):ITC49-ITC64. doi: 10.7326/AITC201904020. PMID: 30934083
Developmental risk factors in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
Newman MG, Shin KE, Zuellig AR
J Affect Disord 2016 Dec;206:94-102. Epub 2016 Jul 5 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.008. PMID: 27466747Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Anxiety Disorders: A Review.
Szuhany KL, Simon NM
JAMA 2022 Dec 27;328(24):2431-2445. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.22744. PMID: 36573969
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Revisited.
Showraki M, Showraki T, Brown K
Psychiatr Q 2020 Sep;91(3):905-914. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09747-0. PMID: 32383134
Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
DeMartini J, Patel G, Fancher TL
Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 2;170(7):ITC49-ITC64. doi: 10.7326/AITC201904020. PMID: 30934083
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety.
Borza L
Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2017 Jun;19(2):203-208. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/lborza. PMID: 28867944Free PMC Article
Biological markers of generalized anxiety disorder.
Maron E, Nutt D
Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2017 Jun;19(2):147-158. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/dnutt. PMID: 28867939Free PMC Article

Therapy

Efficacy of Yoga vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Stress Education for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Simon NM, Hofmann SG, Rosenfield D, Hoeppner SS, Hoge EA, Bui E, Khalsa SBS
JAMA Psychiatry 2021 Jan 1;78(1):13-20. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2496. PMID: 32805013Free PMC Article
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder: Contrasting various CBT approaches in a randomized clinical trial.
Stefan S, Cristea IA, Szentagotai Tatar A, David D
J Clin Psychol 2019 Jul;75(7):1188-1202. Epub 2019 Apr 20 doi: 10.1002/jclp.22779. PMID: 31004521
Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG
Depress Anxiety 2018 Jun;35(6):502-514. Epub 2018 Feb 16 doi: 10.1002/da.22728. PMID: 29451967Free PMC Article
ADHD and Anxiety: Clinical Significance and Treatment Implications.
Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, Gift TE, Steans TA
Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017 Nov 20;19(12):109. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0859-6. PMID: 29152677
Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review.
Lakhan SE, Vieira KF
Nutr J 2010 Oct 7;9:42. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-42. PMID: 20929532Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Revisited.
Showraki M, Showraki T, Brown K
Psychiatr Q 2020 Sep;91(3):905-914. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09747-0. PMID: 32383134
Developmental risk factors in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
Newman MG, Shin KE, Zuellig AR
J Affect Disord 2016 Dec;206:94-102. Epub 2016 Jul 5 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.008. PMID: 27466747Free PMC Article
Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity.
Hoge EA, Bui E, Marques L, Metcalf CA, Morris LK, Robinaugh DJ, Worthington JJ, Pollack MH, Simon NM
J Clin Psychiatry 2013 Aug;74(8):786-92. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08083. PMID: 23541163Free PMC Article
Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V.
Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009 Sep;32(3):483-524. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002. PMID: 19716988Free PMC Article
A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B
Arch Intern Med 2006 May 22;166(10):1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092. PMID: 16717171

Clinical prediction guides

Effectiveness of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder: Results of the RECONNECT study.
Christensen MC, Schmidt S, Grande I
J Psychopharmacol 2022 May;36(5):566-577. Epub 2022 May 2 doi: 10.1177/02698811221090627. PMID: 35499104Free PMC Article
Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7).
Toussaint A, Hüsing P, Gumz A, Wingenfeld K, Härter M, Schramm E, Löwe B
J Affect Disord 2020 Mar 15;265:395-401. Epub 2020 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.032. PMID: 32090765
Putative Antidepressant Effect of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Oral Extract in Subjects with Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression.
Amsterdam JD, Li QS, Xie SX, Mao JJ
J Altern Complement Med 2020 Sep;26(9):813-819. Epub 2019 Dec 5 doi: 10.1089/acm.2019.0252. PMID: 31808709Free PMC Article
Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population.
Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, Herzberg PY
Med Care 2008 Mar;46(3):266-74. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093. PMID: 18388841
Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).
Connor KM, Davidson JR
Depress Anxiety 2003;18(2):76-82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113. PMID: 12964174

Recent systematic reviews

Interventions for generalized anxiety disorder.
Byrne GJ
Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023 Mar 1;36(2):134-139. Epub 2022 Dec 6 doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000840. PMID: 36705012
Medicinal herbs for the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Zhang W, Yan Y, Wu Y, Yang H, Zhu P, Yan F, Zhao R, Tian P, Wang T, Fan Q, Su Z
Pharmacol Res 2022 May;179:106204. Epub 2022 Apr 1 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106204. PMID: 35378276
Use of cannabidiol in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.
Skelley JW, Deas CM, Curren Z, Ennis J
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020 Jan-Feb;60(1):253-261. Epub 2019 Dec 19 doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.008. PMID: 31866386
Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review.
Lakhan SE, Vieira KF
Nutr J 2010 Oct 7;9:42. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-42. PMID: 20929532Free PMC Article
The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Löwe B
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010 Jul-Aug;32(4):345-59. Epub 2010 May 7 doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006. PMID: 20633738

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
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      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Curated

    • NICE, 2020
      UK NICE Clinical Guideline CG113, Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

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    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

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