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Treacher Collins syndrome(TCOF; TCS)

MedGen UID:
66078
Concept ID:
C0242387
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome
SNOMED CT: Treacher Collins syndrome (82203000); Mandibulofacial dysostosis (82203000); Franceschetti Klein syndrome (82203000)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Related genes: POLR1D, POLR1C, TCOF1
 
HPO: HP:0005321
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0002457
OMIM®: 154500
OMIM® Phenotypic series: PS154500
Orphanet: ORPHA861

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Treacher Collins Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by bilateral and symmetric downslanting palpebral fissures, malar hypoplasia, micrognathia, and external ear abnormalities. Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bones and mandible can cause significant feeding and respiratory difficulties. About 40%-50% of individuals have conductive hearing loss attributed most commonly to malformation of the ossicles and hypoplasia of the middle ear cavities. Inner ear structures tend to be normal. Other, less common abnormalities include cleft palate and unilateral or bilateral choanal stenosis or atresia. Typically intellect is normal. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Sara Huston Katsanis  |  Ethylin Wang Jabs   view full author information

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Treacher Collins syndrome is a condition that affects the development of bones and other tissues of the face. The signs and symptoms of this disorder vary greatly, ranging from almost unnoticeable to severe. Most affected individuals have underdeveloped facial bones, particularly the cheek bones, and a very small jaw and chin (micrognathia). Some people with this condition are also born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate. In severe cases, underdevelopment of the facial bones may restrict an affected infant's airway, causing potentially life-threatening respiratory problems.

People with Treacher Collins syndrome often have eyes that slant downward, sparse eyelashes, and a notch in the lower eyelids called an eyelid coloboma. Some affected individuals have additional eye abnormalities that can lead to vision loss. This condition is also characterized by absent, small, or unusually formed ears. Hearing loss occurs in about half of all affected individuals; hearing loss is caused by defects of the three small bones in the middle ear, which transmit sound, or by underdevelopment of the ear canal. People with Treacher Collins syndrome usually have normal intelligence.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/treacher-collins-syndrome

Conditions with this feature

Mandibulofacial dysostosis with ptosis, autosomal dominant
MedGen UID:
331276
Concept ID:
C1842349
Disease or Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome 3
MedGen UID:
340868
Concept ID:
C1855433
Disease or Syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by bilateral and symmetric downslanting palpebral fissures, malar hypoplasia, micrognathia, and external ear abnormalities. Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bones and mandible can cause significant feeding and respiratory difficulties. About 40%-50% of individuals have conductive hearing loss attributed most commonly to malformation of the ossicles and hypoplasia of the middle ear cavities. Inner ear structures tend to be normal. Other, less common abnormalities include cleft palate and unilateral or bilateral choanal stenosis or atresia. Typically intellect is normal.
Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome
MedGen UID:
355264
Concept ID:
C1864652
Disease or Syndrome
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is characterized by malar and mandibular hypoplasia, microcephaly (congenital or postnatal onset), intellectual disability (mild, moderate, or severe), malformations of the external ear, and hearing loss that is typically conductive. Associated craniofacial malformations may include cleft palate, choanal atresia, zygomatic arch cleft (identified on cranial CT scan), and facial asymmetry. Other relatively common findings (present in 25%-35% of individuals) can include cardiac anomalies, thumb anomalies, esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula, short stature, spine anomalies, and epilepsy.
Mandibulofacial dysostosis-macroblepharon-macrostomia syndrome
MedGen UID:
355927
Concept ID:
C1865181
Disease or Syndrome
Mandibulofacial dysostosis-macroblepharon-macrostomia syndrome is a rare developmental defect during embryogenesis disorder characterized by macroblepharon, ectropion, and facial dysmorphism which includes severe hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, posteriorly rotated ears, broad nasal bridge, long and smooth philtrum, and macrostomia with thin upper lip vermilion border. Other features may include large fontanelles, prominent metopic ridge, thick eyebrows, mild synophrys, increased density of upper eyelashes, anterverted nares, abnormal dentition and capillary hemangioma.
Diamond-Blackfan anemia 10
MedGen UID:
412873
Concept ID:
C2750080
Disease or Syndrome
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is characterized by a profound normochromic and usually macrocytic anemia with normal leukocytes and platelets, congenital malformations in up to 50%, and growth deficiency in 30% of affected individuals. The hematologic complications occur in 90% of affected individuals during the first year of life. The phenotypic spectrum ranges from a mild form (e.g., mild anemia or no anemia with only subtle erythroid abnormalities, physical malformations without anemia) to a severe form of fetal anemia resulting in nonimmune hydrops fetalis. DBA is associated with an increased risk for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and solid tumors including osteogenic sarcoma.
Acrofacial dysostosis, Catania type
MedGen UID:
419487
Concept ID:
C2931762
Disease or Syndrome
The Catania type of acrofacial dysostosis is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, short stature, microcephaly, intellectual disability, widow's peak, mandibulofacial dysostosis without cleft palate, ear anomalies, mild pre- and postaxial limb hypoplasia with brachydactyly, mild interdigital webbing, dental anomalies, and cryptorchidism and hypospadias in males (Opitz et al., 1993; Wulfsberg et al., 1996).
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia
MedGen UID:
898794
Concept ID:
C4225349
Disease or Syndrome
A rare mandibulofacial dysostosis with the association with scalp alopecia and sparse eyebrows and eyelashes. Craniofacial dysmorphic features include zygomatic and mandibular dysplasia or hypoplasia, cleft palate, micrognathia, dental anomalies, auricular dysmorphism and eyelid anomalies among others. Patients may experience limited jaw mobility, glossoptosis, upper airway obstruction and conductive hearing loss.
Patterson-Stevenson-Fontaine syndrome
MedGen UID:
1808766
Concept ID:
C5574964
Disease or Syndrome
A very rare variant of acrofacial dysostosis with characteristics of mandibulofacial dysostosis and limb anomalies. It has been described in less than ten patients. The mandibulofacial dysostosis consists of retrognathism, complete or occult posterior cleft palate and anomalies of the external ears. Limb anomalies consist of split-foot deformity with syndactyly of some toes. The condition is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance and expressivity.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Marszałek-Kruk BA, Wójcicki P, Dowgierd K, Śmigiel R
Genes (Basel) 2021 Sep 9;12(9) doi: 10.3390/genes12091392. PMID: 34573374Free PMC Article
Plomp RG, van Lieshout MJS, Joosten KFM, Wolvius EB, van der Schroeff MP, Versnel SL, Poublon RML, Mathijssen IMJ
Plast Reconstr Surg 2016 Jan;137(1):191-204. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000001896. PMID: 26710023
Hylton JB, Leon-Salazar V, Anderson GC, De Felippe NL
J Dent Child (Chic) 2012 Jan-Apr;79(1):15-21. PMID: 22449504

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Reid L, Carroll W
Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021 Nov;58(11):1438-1442. Epub 2021 Mar 31 doi: 10.1177/1055665621998138. PMID: 33784859
Orgebin E, Lamoureux F, Isidor B, Charrier C, Ory B, Lézot F, Baud'huin M
Cells 2020 Sep 11;9(9) doi: 10.3390/cells9092080. PMID: 32932838Free PMC Article
Kantaputra PN, Tripuwabhrut K, Intachai W, Carlson BM, Quarto N, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Sonsuwan N
Clin Otolaryngol 2020 Sep;45(5):695-702. Epub 2020 May 25 doi: 10.1111/coa.13560. PMID: 32351010
Levasseur J, Nysjö J, Sandy R, Britto JA, Garcelon N, Haber S, Picard A, Corre P, Odri GA, Khonsari RH
J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018 Feb;46(2):305-311. Epub 2017 Dec 8 doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.11.028. PMID: 29275073
Plomp RG, van Lieshout MJS, Joosten KFM, Wolvius EB, van der Schroeff MP, Versnel SL, Poublon RML, Mathijssen IMJ
Plast Reconstr Surg 2016 Jan;137(1):191-204. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000001896. PMID: 26710023

Diagnosis

Marszałek-Kruk BA, Wójcicki P, Dowgierd K, Śmigiel R
Genes (Basel) 2021 Sep 9;12(9) doi: 10.3390/genes12091392. PMID: 34573374Free PMC Article
Schmetz A, Amiel J, Wieczorek D
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2021 Dec;26(6):101290. Epub 2021 Sep 17 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101290. PMID: 34561177
Plomp RG, van Lieshout MJS, Joosten KFM, Wolvius EB, van der Schroeff MP, Versnel SL, Poublon RML, Mathijssen IMJ
Plast Reconstr Surg 2016 Jan;137(1):191-204. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000001896. PMID: 26710023
Marsh KL, Dixon MJ
Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2000;56:53-9. doi: 10.1159/000059083. PMID: 10868214
Dixon MJ
J Med Genet 1995 Oct;32(10):806-8. doi: 10.1136/jmg.32.10.806. PMID: 8558560Free PMC Article

Therapy

Guo P, Pan B, Jiang H, Yang Q, He L, Lin L
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020 Jul;134:110062. Epub 2020 Apr 21 doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110062. PMID: 32361149
Golinko MS, LeBlanc EM, Hallett AM, Alperovich M, Flores RL
J Craniofac Surg 2016 Sep;27(6):1408-11. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000002821. PMID: 27607112
Plomp RG, Mathijssen IM, Moolenburgh SE, van Montfort KA, van der Meulen JJ, Poublon RM
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015 Jun;68(6):771-81. Epub 2015 Mar 14 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.02.029. PMID: 25862218
Herlin C, Doucet JC, Bigorre M, Khelifa HC, Captier G
J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013 Oct;41(7):670-5. Epub 2013 Mar 1 doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.01.007. PMID: 23454266
Marres HA, Cremers CW, Marres EH, Huygen PL
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995 Jan;104(1):31-41. doi: 10.1177/000348949510400106. PMID: 7832540

Prognosis

Lu M, Yang B, Chen Z, Jiang H, Pan B
Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022 Aug;59(8):1038-1047. Epub 2021 Aug 16 doi: 10.1177/10556656211037509. PMID: 34397304
Reid L, Carroll W
Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021 Nov;58(11):1438-1442. Epub 2021 Mar 31 doi: 10.1177/1055665621998138. PMID: 33784859
Kantaputra PN, Tripuwabhrut K, Intachai W, Carlson BM, Quarto N, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Sonsuwan N
Clin Otolaryngol 2020 Sep;45(5):695-702. Epub 2020 May 25 doi: 10.1111/coa.13560. PMID: 32351010
Ali-Khan S, Runyan C, Nardini G, Shetye P, Staffenberg D, McCarthy JG, Flores RL
Ann Plast Surg 2018 Sep;81(3):305-310. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001514. PMID: 29905603
Plomp RG, van Lieshout MJS, Joosten KFM, Wolvius EB, van der Schroeff MP, Versnel SL, Poublon RML, Mathijssen IMJ
Plast Reconstr Surg 2016 Jan;137(1):191-204. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000001896. PMID: 26710023

Clinical prediction guides

Ulhaq ZS, Nurputra DK, Soraya GV, Kurniawati S, Istifiani LA, Pamungkas SA, Tse WKF
Clin Genet 2023 Feb;103(2):146-155. Epub 2022 Oct 17 doi: 10.1111/cge.14243. PMID: 36203321
Lu M, Yang B, Chen Z, Jiang H, Pan B
Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022 Aug;59(8):1038-1047. Epub 2021 Aug 16 doi: 10.1177/10556656211037509. PMID: 34397304
Liu J, Dong J, Li P, Duan W
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021 Aug;147:110765. Epub 2021 May 11 doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110765. PMID: 34058530
Ali-Khan S, Runyan C, Nardini G, Shetye P, Staffenberg D, McCarthy JG, Flores RL
Ann Plast Surg 2018 Sep;81(3):305-310. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001514. PMID: 29905603
Esenlik E, Plana NM, Grayson BH, Flores RL
Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 Dec;140(6):1240-1249. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003853. PMID: 28820843

Recent systematic reviews

Ulhaq ZS, Nurputra DK, Soraya GV, Kurniawati S, Istifiani LA, Pamungkas SA, Tse WKF
Clin Genet 2023 Feb;103(2):146-155. Epub 2022 Oct 17 doi: 10.1111/cge.14243. PMID: 36203321
Guo P, Pan B, Jiang H, Yang Q, He L, Lin L
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020 Jul;134:110062. Epub 2020 Apr 21 doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110062. PMID: 32361149
Plomp RG, van Lieshout MJS, Joosten KFM, Wolvius EB, van der Schroeff MP, Versnel SL, Poublon RML, Mathijssen IMJ
Plast Reconstr Surg 2016 Jan;137(1):191-204. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000001896. PMID: 26710023

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