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Incontinentia pigmenti syndrome(IP)

MedGen UID:
7049
Concept ID:
C0021171
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome; Incontinentia Pigmenti; Incontinentia pigmenti type 2 (formerly); Incontinentia pigmenti, familial male-lethal type; INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI, TYPE II; IP; IP2 (formerly)
SNOMED CT: IP - Incontinentia pigmenti (367520004); Incontinentia pigmenti of Bloch-Sulzberger (367520004); Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome (367520004); Bloch-Siemens syndrome (367520004); Incontinentia pigmenti syndrome (367520004)
Modes of inheritance:
X-linked dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
376232
Concept ID:
C1847879
Finding
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for dominant traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome. In the context of medical genetics, X-linked dominant disorders tend to manifest very severely in affected males. The severity of manifestation in females may depend on the degree of skewed X inactivation.
 
Gene (location): IKBKG (Xq28)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010631
OMIM®: 308300
Orphanet: ORPHA464

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Incontinentia Pigmenti
Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a disorder that affects the skin, hair, teeth, nails, eyes, and central nervous system; it occurs primarily in females and on occasion in males. Characteristic skin lesions evolve through four stages: I. Blistering (birth to age ~4 months). II. Wart-like rash (for several months). III. Swirling macular hyperpigmentation (age ~6 months into adulthood). IV. Linear hypopigmentation. Alopecia, hypodontia, abnormal tooth shape, and dystrophic nails are observed. Neovascularization of the retina, present in some individuals, predisposes to retinal detachment. Neurologic findings including seizures, intellectual disability, and developmental delays are occasionally seen. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Angela E Scheuerle  |  Matilde Valeria Ursini   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Familial incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a genodermatosis that segregates as an X-linked dominant disorder and is usually lethal prenatally in males (The International Incontinentia Pigmenti Consortium, 2000). In affected females it causes highly variable abnormalities of the skin, hair, nails, teeth, eyes, and central nervous system. The prominent skin signs occur in 4 classic cutaneous stages: perinatal inflammatory vesicles, verrucous patches, a distinctive pattern of hyperpigmentation, and dermal scarring. Cells expressing the mutated X chromosome are eliminated selectively around the time of birth, so females with IP exhibit extremely skewed X-inactivation. Also see hypomelanosis of Ito (300337), which was formerly designated incontinentia pigmenti type I (IP1).  http://www.omim.org/entry/308300
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Incontinentia pigmenti is a condition that can affect many body systems, particularly the skin. This condition occurs much more often in females than in males.

Incontinentia pigmenti is characterized by skin abnormalities that typically evolve throughout childhood and young adulthood. Many affected infants have a blistering rash at birth and in early infancy. Though this blistering heals spontaneously, it can recur during illnesses with high fever. This blistering stage is followed by the development of wart-like (verrucous) lesions that also heal spontaneously. The blisters and wart-like lesions primarily occur on the arms and legs. 

In infancy and early childhood, the skin develops grey or brown patches (hyperpigmentation) that occur in a swirled pattern. These patches, which can occur anywhere on the body, fade with time. Adults with incontinentia pigmenti usually have lines of unusually light-colored skin (hypopigmentation) on their arms and legs. These markings follow the paths along which cells migrate as the skin develops before birth (called the lines of Blaschko).

Individuals with incontinentia pigmenti are at risk of stroke and vision loss, especially within the first year of life. These risks are due to abnormalities in blood vessels in the brain and  in the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye (retina). Affected individuals at risk often have developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, seizures, or other neurological problems. In the absence of stroke or another brain abnormality, most people with incontinentia pigmenti have normal intelligence. 

Other signs and symptoms of incontinentia pigmenti can include hair loss (alopecia) on the scalp and other parts of the body, dental abnormalities (such as small teeth or few teeth), and lined or pitted fingernails and toenails. The features of incontinentia pigmenti may be mild or gone by the time affected individuals reach adulthood. 

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/incontinentia-pigmenti

Clinical features

From HPO
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Spasticity
MedGen UID:
7753
Concept ID:
C0026838
Sign or Symptom
A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Scarring
MedGen UID:
3093
Concept ID:
C0008767
Pathologic Function
A scar refers to a lesion in which wound, burn, or sore has not healed completely and fibrous connective tissue has developed.
Hemivertebrae
MedGen UID:
82720
Concept ID:
C0265677
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of one half of the vertebral body.
Supernumerary ribs
MedGen UID:
83380
Concept ID:
C0345397
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of more than 12 rib pairs.
Kyphoscoliosis
MedGen UID:
154361
Concept ID:
C0575158
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal (lateral) and sagittal (back-to-front) plane.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Eosinophilia
MedGen UID:
41824
Concept ID:
C0014457
Disease or Syndrome
Increased count of eosinophils in the blood.
Keratitis
MedGen UID:
44013
Concept ID:
C0022568
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the cornea.
Leukocytosis
MedGen UID:
9736
Concept ID:
C0023518
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormal increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood.
Uveitis
MedGen UID:
52961
Concept ID:
C0042164
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of one or all portions of the uveal tract.
Maculopapular exanthema
MedGen UID:
98072
Concept ID:
C0423791
Finding
A skin rash that is characterized by diffuse cutaneous erythema with areas of skin elevation. It may evolve to vesicles or papules as part of a more severe clinical entity. Different degrees of angioedema with involvement of subcutaneous tissue may also appear.
Partial congenital absence of teeth
MedGen UID:
43794
Concept ID:
C0020608
Congenital Abnormality
Tooth agenesis in some form is a common human anomaly that affects approximately 20% of the population. Although tooth agenesis is associated with numerous syndromes, several case reports describe nonsyndromic forms that are either sporadic or familial in nature, as reviewed by Gorlin et al. (1990). The incidence of familial tooth agenesis varies with each class of teeth. Most commonly affected are third molars (wisdom teeth), followed by either upper lateral incisors or lower second premolars; agenesis involving first and second molars is very rare. Also see 114600 and 302400. Selective tooth agenesis without associated systemic disorders has sometimes been divided into 2 types: oligodontia, defined as agenesis of 6 or more permanent teeth, and hypodontia, defined as agenesis of less than 6 teeth. The number in both cases does not include absence of third molars (wisdom teeth). Faulty use of the terms, however, have confounded their use. The term 'partial anodontia' is obsolete (Salinas, 1978). Genetic Heterogeneity of Selective Tooth Agenesis Other forms of selective tooth agenesis include STHAG2 (602639), mapped to chromosome 16q12; STHAG3 (604625), caused by mutation in the PAX9 gene (167416) on chromosome 14q12; STHAG4 (150400), caused by mutation in the WNT10A gene (606268) on chromosome 2q35; STHAG5 (610926), mapped to chromosome 10q11; STHAG7 (616724), caused by mutation in the LRP6 gene (603507) on chromosome 12p13; STHAG8 (617073), caused by mutation in the WNT10B gene (601906) on chromosome 12q13; STHAG9 (617275), caused by mutation in the GREM2 gene (608832) on chromosome 1q43; STHAG10 (620173), caused by mutation in the TSPEAR gene (612920) on chromosome 21q22; and STHAGX1 (313500), caused by mutation in the EDA gene (300451) on chromosome Xq13. A type of selective tooth agenesis that was formerly designated STHAG6 has been incorporated into the dental anomalies and short stature syndrome (DASS; 601216). Of 34 unrelated patients with nonsyndromic tooth agenesis, van den Boogaard et al. (2012) found that 56% (19 patients) had mutations in the WNT10A gene (STHAG4), whereas only 3% and 9% had mutations in the MSX1 (STHAG1) and PAX9 (STHAG3) genes, respectively. The authors concluded that WNT10A is a major gene in the etiology of isolated hypodontia. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations Yu et al. (2016) observed that the most frequently missing permanent teeth in WNT10B-associated oligodontia were the lateral incisors (83.3%), whereas premolars were missing only 51.4% of the time, which they noted was a pattern 'clearly different' from the oligodontia patterns resulting from WNT10A mutations. They also stated that the selective pattern in WNT10B mutants was different from that associated with mutations in other genes, such as MSX1, in which second premolars are missing, and PAX9, in which there is agenesis of molars.
Delayed eruption of teeth
MedGen UID:
68678
Concept ID:
C0239174
Finding
Delayed tooth eruption, which can be defined as tooth eruption more than 2 SD beyond the mean eruption age.
Conical tooth
MedGen UID:
82730
Concept ID:
C0266037
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormal conical form of the teeth, that is, a tooth whose sides converge or taper together incisally.
Oligodontia
MedGen UID:
904670
Concept ID:
C4082304
Congenital Abnormality
The absence of six or more teeth from the normal series by a failure to develop.
Alopecia
MedGen UID:
7982
Concept ID:
C0002170
Finding
A noncongenital process of hair loss, which may progress to partial or complete baldness.
Erythema
MedGen UID:
11999
Concept ID:
C0041834
Disease or Syndrome
Redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.
Nail pits
MedGen UID:
57463
Concept ID:
C0150993
Finding
Small (typically about 1 mm or less in size) depressions on the dorsal nail surface.
Nail dystrophy
MedGen UID:
66368
Concept ID:
C0221260
Disease or Syndrome
Onychodystrophy (nail dystrophy) refers to nail changes apart from changes of the color (nail dyschromia) and involves partial or complete disruption of the various keratinous layers of the nail plate.
Pallor
MedGen UID:
69133
Concept ID:
C0241137
Finding
Abnormally pale skin.
Onychogryposis
MedGen UID:
82671
Concept ID:
C0263537
Disease or Syndrome
Nail that appears thick when viewed on end.
Coarse hair
MedGen UID:
124454
Concept ID:
C0277959
Finding
Hair shafts are rough in texture.
Ridged nail
MedGen UID:
140853
Concept ID:
C0423820
Finding
Longitudinal, linear prominences in the nail plate.
Fine hair
MedGen UID:
98401
Concept ID:
C0423867
Finding
Hair that is fine or thin to the touch.
Hyperkeratosis
MedGen UID:
209030
Concept ID:
C0870082
Disease or Syndrome
Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the outer layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, which is composed of large, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin which are the dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum.
Abnormality of skin pigmentation
MedGen UID:
224697
Concept ID:
C1260926
Finding
An abnormality of the pigmentation of the skin.
Nail dysplasia
MedGen UID:
331737
Concept ID:
C1834405
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of developmental dysplasia of the nail.
Abnormal blistering of the skin
MedGen UID:
412159
Concept ID:
C2132198
Finding
The presence of one or more bullae on the skin, defined as fluid-filled blisters more than 5 mm in diameter with thin walls.
Atrophic, patchy alopecia
MedGen UID:
870854
Concept ID:
C4025314
Disease or Syndrome
Sparse hair
MedGen UID:
1790211
Concept ID:
C5551005
Finding
Reduced density of hairs.
Breast aplasia
MedGen UID:
539633
Concept ID:
C0266009
Congenital Abnormality
Failure to develop and congenital absence of the breast.
Supernumerary nipple
MedGen UID:
120564
Concept ID:
C0266011
Congenital Abnormality
Presence of more than two nipples.
Breast hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
75594
Concept ID:
C0266013
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the breast.
Hypoplastic nipples
MedGen UID:
98156
Concept ID:
C0432355
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the nipple.
Microphthalmia
MedGen UID:
10033
Concept ID:
C0026010
Congenital Abnormality
Microphthalmia is an eye abnormality that arises before birth. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have a condition called coloboma. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or in the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain. Colobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract) and a narrowed opening of the eye (narrowed palpebral fissure). Additionally, affected individuals may have an abnormality called microcornea, in which the clear front covering of the eye (cornea) is small and abnormally curved.\n\nBetween one-third and one-half of affected individuals have microphthalmia as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When microphthalmia occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.
Optic atrophy
MedGen UID:
18180
Concept ID:
C0029124
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.
Retinal detachment
MedGen UID:
19759
Concept ID:
C0035305
Disease or Syndrome
Primary or spontaneous detachment of the retina occurs due to underlying ocular disease and often involves the vitreous as well as the retina. The precipitating event is formation of a retinal tear or hole, which permits fluid to accumulate under the sensory layers of the retina and creates an intraretinal cleavage that destroys the neurosensory process of visual reception. Vitreoretinal degeneration and tear formation are painless phenomena, and in most cases, significant vitreoretinal pathology is found only after detachment of the retina starts to cause loss of vision or visual field. Without surgical intervention, retinal detachment will almost inevitably lead to total blindness (summary by McNiel and McPherson, 1971).
Retinal hemorrhage
MedGen UID:
11210
Concept ID:
C0035317
Pathologic Function
Hemorrhage occurring within the retina.
Strabismus
MedGen UID:
21337
Concept ID:
C0038379
Disease or Syndrome
A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.
Cataract
MedGen UID:
39462
Concept ID:
C0086543
Disease or Syndrome
A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.
Foveal hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
393047
Concept ID:
C2673946
Finding
Underdevelopment of the fovea centralis.
Retinal vascular proliferation
MedGen UID:
1640625
Concept ID:
C4551695
Finding

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVIncontinentia pigmenti syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Pizzamiglio MR, Piccardi L, Bianchini F, Canzano L, Palermo L, Fusco F, D'Antuono G, Gelmini C, Garavelli L, Ursini MV
Appl Neuropsychol Child 2017 Oct-Dec;6(4):327-334. Epub 2016 Jun 7 doi: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1188388. PMID: 27267212

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Santa Maria FD, Barros SE, Chiqueto K, Mariath LM, Schüler-Faccini L, Kiszewski AE
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021 Jul;160(1):66-76. Epub 2021 Apr 24 doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.03.033. PMID: 33906773
Pizzamiglio MR, Piccardi L, Bianchini F, Canzano L, Palermo L, Fusco F, D'Antuono G, Gelmini C, Garavelli L, Ursini MV
Appl Neuropsychol Child 2017 Oct-Dec;6(4):327-334. Epub 2016 Jun 7 doi: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1188388. PMID: 27267212

Diagnosis

Santa Maria FD, Barros SE, Chiqueto K, Mariath LM, Schüler-Faccini L, Kiszewski AE
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021 Jul;160(1):66-76. Epub 2021 Apr 24 doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.03.033. PMID: 33906773
Mégarbané A, Vabres P, Slaba S, Smahi A, Loeys B, Okais N
Am J Med Genet 2002 Sep 15;112(1):95-8. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10666. PMID: 12239729

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