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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 16 with or without anosmia(HH16)

MedGen UID:
766935
Concept ID:
C3554021
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: HH16; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM 16 WITH ANOSMIA, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
 
Gene (location): SEMA3A (7q21.11)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013961
OMIM®: 614897

Disease characteristics

Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) is characterized by inappropriately low serum concentrations of the gonadotropins LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) in the presence of low circulating concentrations of sex steroids. IGD is associated with a normal sense of smell (normosmic IGD) in approximately 40% of affected individuals and an impaired sense of smell (Kallmann syndrome) in approximately 60%. IGD can first become apparent in infancy, adolescence, or adulthood. Infant boys with congenital IGD often have micropenis and cryptorchidism. Adolescents and adults with IGD have clinical evidence of hypogonadism and incomplete sexual maturation on physical examination. Adult males with IGD tend to have prepubertal testicular volume (i.e., <4 mL), absence of secondary sexual features (e.g., facial and axillary hair growth, deepening of the voice), decreased muscle mass, diminished libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility. Adult females have little or no breast development and primary amenorrhea. Although skeletal maturation is delayed, the rate of linear growth is usually normal except for the absence of a distinct pubertal growth spurt. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Ravikumar Balasubramanian  |  William F Crowley   view full author information

Additional description

From OMIM
Congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a disorder characterized by absent or incomplete sexual maturation by the age of 18 years, in conjunction with low levels of circulating gonadotropins and testosterone and no other abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be caused by an isolated defect in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH; 152760) release, action, or both. Other associated nonreproductive phenotypes, such as anosmia, cleft palate, and sensorineural hearing loss, occur with variable frequency. In the presence of anosmia, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has been called 'Kallmann syndrome (KS),' whereas in the presence of a normal sense of smell, it has been termed 'normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH)' (summary by Raivio et al., 2007). Because families have been found to segregate both KS and nIHH, the disorder is here referred to as 'hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with or without anosmia (HH).' For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with or without anosmia as well as a discussion of oligogenicity of this disorder, see 147950.  http://www.omim.org/entry/614897

Clinical features

From HPO
Azoospermia
MedGen UID:
2150
Concept ID:
C0004509
Disease or Syndrome
Absence of any measurable level of sperm,whereby spermatozoa cannot be observed even after centrifugation of the semen pellet.
Cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
8192
Concept ID:
C0010417
Congenital Abnormality
Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, is a common human congenital abnormality with a multifactorial etiology that likely reflects the involvement of endocrine, environmental, and hereditary factors. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for testicular tumors. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in 2 distinct phases: the transabdominal phase and the inguinoscrotal phase (summary by Gorlov et al., 2002).
Primary amenorrhea
MedGen UID:
115918
Concept ID:
C0232939
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormally late or absent menarche in a female with normal secondary sexual characteristics.
Decreased testicular size
MedGen UID:
66027
Concept ID:
C0241355
Finding
Reduced volume of the testicle (the male gonad).
Micropenis
MedGen UID:
1633603
Concept ID:
C4551492
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormally small penis. At birth, the normal penis is about 3 cm (stretched length from pubic tubercle to tip of penis) with micropenis less than 2.0-2.5 cm.
Anosmia
MedGen UID:
1950
Concept ID:
C0003126
Finding
An inability to perceive odors. This is a general term describing inability to smell arising in any part of the process of smelling from absorption of odorants into the nasal mucous overlying the olfactory epithelium, diffusion to the cilia, binding to olfactory receptor sites, generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons, and perception of a smell.
Bimanual synkinesia
MedGen UID:
473166
Concept ID:
C0454455
Disease or Syndrome
Involuntary movements of one hand that accompany and mirror intentional movements of the opposite hand.
Hyposmia
MedGen UID:
473584
Concept ID:
C2364082
Finding
A decreased sensitivity to odorants (that is, a decreased ability to perceive odors).
Hypoplasia of the olfactory bulb
MedGen UID:
1388382
Concept ID:
C4477049
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the olfactory bulb.
Aplasia of the olfactory bulb
MedGen UID:
1696661
Concept ID:
C5139362
Congenital Abnormality
Lack of formation (congenital absence) of the olfactory bulb.
Hypogonadism
MedGen UID:
5711
Concept ID:
C0020619
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased functionality of the gonad.
Decreased serum estradiol
MedGen UID:
69129
Concept ID:
C0241011
Finding
A reduction below normal concentration of estradiol in the circulation.
Decreased circulating follicle stimulating hormone concentration
MedGen UID:
892977
Concept ID:
C4072889
Finding
A reduction of the circulating level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Decreased circulating luteinizing hormone level
MedGen UID:
893008
Concept ID:
C4072890
Finding
A reduction in the circulating level of luteinizing hormone (LH).
Decreased serum testosterone concentration
MedGen UID:
892974
Concept ID:
C4073137
Finding

Professional guidelines

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