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Perrault syndrome 5(PRLTS5)

MedGen UID:
863744
Concept ID:
C4015307
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: PRLTS5
 
Gene (location): TWNK (10q24.31)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014504
OMIM®: 616138

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Perrault Syndrome
Perrault syndrome is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in males and females and ovarian dysfunction in females. SNHL is bilateral and ranges from profound with prelingual (congenital) onset to moderate with early-childhood onset. When onset is in early childhood, hearing loss can be progressive. Ovarian dysfunction ranges from gonadal dysgenesis (absent or streak gonads) manifesting as primary amenorrhea to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) defined as cessation of menses before age 40 years. Fertility in affected males is reported as normal (although the number of reported males is limited). Neurologic features described in some individuals with Perrault syndrome include learning difficulties and developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, and motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
William G Newman  |  Thomas B Friedman  |  Gerard S Conway, et. al.   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Perrault syndrome-5 (PRLTS5) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive ataxia, axonal neuropathy, hyporeflexia, and abnormal eye movements, accompanied by progressive hearing loss and ovarian dysgenesis (Morino et al., 2014). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Perrault syndrome, see PRLTS1 (233400).  http://www.omim.org/entry/616138
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Females with Perrault syndrome have abnormal or missing ovaries (ovarian dysgenesis), although their external genitalia are normal. Severely affected girls do not begin menstruation by age 16 (primary amenorrhea), and most never have a menstrual period. Less severely affected women have an early loss of ovarian function (primary ovarian insufficiency); their menstrual periods begin in adolescence, but they become less frequent and eventually stop before age 40. Women with Perrault syndrome may have difficulty conceiving or be unable to have biological children (infertile).

In Perrault syndrome, the problems with hearing are caused by changes in the inner ear, which is known as sensorineural hearing loss. The impairment usually affects both ears and can be present at birth or begin in early childhood. Unless hearing is completely impaired at birth, the hearing problems worsen over time.

Neurological problems in individuals with Perrault syndrome can include intellectual disability, difficulty with balance and coordinating movements (ataxia), and loss of sensation and weakness in the limbs (peripheral neuropathy). However, not everyone with this condition has neurological problems.

Perrault syndrome is a rare condition that causes different patterns of signs and symptoms in affected males and females. A key feature of this condition is hearing loss, which occurs in both males and females. Affected females also have abnormalities of the ovaries. Neurological problems occur in some affected males and females.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/perrault-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Gonadal dysgenesis
MedGen UID:
9075
Concept ID:
C0018051
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital disorder characterized by the presence of extremely hypoplastic gonads preventing the development of secondary sex characteristics.
Primary amenorrhea
MedGen UID:
115918
Concept ID:
C0232939
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormally late or absent menarche in a female with normal secondary sexual characteristics.
Pes cavus
MedGen UID:
675590
Concept ID:
C0728829
Congenital Abnormality
An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Positive Romberg sign
MedGen UID:
66017
Concept ID:
C0240914
Finding
The patient stands with the feet placed together and balance and is asked to close his or her eyes. A loss of balance upon eye closure is a positive Romberg sign and is interpreted as indicating a deficit in proprioception.
Hyporeflexia
MedGen UID:
195967
Concept ID:
C0700078
Finding
Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Sensory axonal neuropathy
MedGen UID:
334116
Concept ID:
C1842587
Finding
An axonal neuropathy of peripheral sensory nerves.
Elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration
MedGen UID:
69128
Concept ID:
C0241005
Finding
An elevation of the level of the enzyme creatine kinase (also known as creatine phosphokinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) in the blood. CK levels can be elevated in a number of clinical disorders such as myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophy.
Increased circulating lactate concentration
MedGen UID:
332209
Concept ID:
C1836440
Finding
Abnormally increased level of blood lactate (2-hydroxypropanoic acid). Lactate is produced from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase during normal metabolism. The terms lactate and lactic acid are often used interchangeably but lactate (the component measured in blood) is strictly a weak base whereas lactic acid is the corresponding acid. Lactic acidosis is often used clinically to describe elevated lactate but should be reserved for cases where there is a corresponding acidosis (pH below 7.35).
Increased serum pyruvate
MedGen UID:
376596
Concept ID:
C1849488
Finding
An increased concentration of pyruvate in the blood.
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
MedGen UID:
184926
Concept ID:
C0948896
Disease or Syndrome
Reduced function of the gonads (testes in males or ovaries in females) associated with excess pituitary gonadotropin secretion and resulting in delayed sexual development and growth delay.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Ophthalmoplegia
MedGen UID:
45205
Concept ID:
C0029089
Sign or Symptom
Paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles that are responsible for eye movements.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Dursun F, Mohamoud HS, Karim N, Naeem M, Jelani M, Kırmızıbekmez H
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016 Dec 1;8(4):472-477. Epub 2016 Apr 18 doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.2717. PMID: 27087618Free PMC Article
Mayr JA, Haack TB, Freisinger P, Karall D, Makowski C, Koch J, Feichtinger RG, Zimmermann FA, Rolinski B, Ahting U, Meitinger T, Prokisch H, Sperl W
J Inherit Metab Dis 2015 Jul;38(4):629-40. Epub 2015 Mar 17 doi: 10.1007/s10545-015-9831-y. PMID: 25778941Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Munson HE, De Simone L, Schwaede A, Bhatia A, Mithal DS, Young N, Kuntz N, Rao VK
BMC Med Genomics 2023 Nov 6;16(1):278. doi: 10.1186/s12920-023-01599-4. PMID: 37932750Free PMC Article
Gotta F, Lamp M, Geroldi A, Trevisan L, Origone P, Fugazza G, Fabbri S, Nesti C, Rubegni A, Morani F, Santorelli FM, Bellone E, Mandich P
Ann Hum Genet 2020 Sep;84(5):417-422. Epub 2020 Apr 12 doi: 10.1111/ahg.12384. PMID: 32281099
Kume K, Morino H, Miyamoto R, Matsuda Y, Ohsawa R, Kanaya Y, Tada Y, Kurashige T, Kawakami H
BMC Med Genet 2020 Mar 31;21(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s12881-020-01002-4. PMID: 32234020Free PMC Article
Mayr JA, Haack TB, Freisinger P, Karall D, Makowski C, Koch J, Feichtinger RG, Zimmermann FA, Rolinski B, Ahting U, Meitinger T, Prokisch H, Sperl W
J Inherit Metab Dis 2015 Jul;38(4):629-40. Epub 2015 Mar 17 doi: 10.1007/s10545-015-9831-y. PMID: 25778941Free PMC Article
Marlin S, Lacombe D, Jonard L, Leboulanger N, Bonneau D, Goizet C, de Villemeur TB, Cabrol S, Houang M, Moatti L, Feldmann D, Denoyelle F
Am J Med Genet A 2008 Mar 1;146A(5):661-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32180. PMID: 18241061

Prognosis

Mayr JA, Haack TB, Freisinger P, Karall D, Makowski C, Koch J, Feichtinger RG, Zimmermann FA, Rolinski B, Ahting U, Meitinger T, Prokisch H, Sperl W
J Inherit Metab Dis 2015 Jul;38(4):629-40. Epub 2015 Mar 17 doi: 10.1007/s10545-015-9831-y. PMID: 25778941Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Smith TB, Rea A, Thomas HB, Thompson K, Oláhová M, Maroofian R, Zamani M, He L, Sadeghian S, Galehdari H, Lotan NS, Gilboa T, Herman KC, McCorvie TJ, Yue WW, Houlden H, Taylor RW, Newman WG, O'Keefe RT
Eur J Hum Genet 2023 Oct;31(10):1190-1194. Epub 2023 Aug 9 doi: 10.1038/s41431-023-01437-2. PMID: 37558808Free PMC Article
Dursun F, Mohamoud HS, Karim N, Naeem M, Jelani M, Kırmızıbekmez H
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016 Dec 1;8(4):472-477. Epub 2016 Apr 18 doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.2717. PMID: 27087618Free PMC Article
Jacob JJ, Paul TV, Mathews SS, Thomas N
J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2007 Oct;20(5):305-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2006.11.007. PMID: 17868898

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