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Spastic ataxia 1(SPAX1)

MedGen UID:
409988
•Concept ID:
C1970107
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Ataxia, spastic, 1, autosomal dominant
SNOMED CT: Autosomal dominant spastic ataxia type 1 (784380009); SPAX1 - autosomal dominant spastic ataxia type 1 (784380009)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
•Concept ID:
C0443147
•
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
Autosomal dominant inheritance (Orphanet)
 
Gene (location): VAMP1 (12p13.31)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0007164
OMIM®: 108600
Orphanet: ORPHA251282

Definition

Hereditary spastic ataxia comprises a heterogeneous group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by lower-limb spasticity and generalized ataxia with dysarthria, impaired ocular movements, and gait disturbance. Spastic ataxia-1 (SPAX1) is an autosomal dominant form of the disorder with onset between the ages of 10 and 20 years. Other clinical features are supranuclear gaze palsy, hyperreflexia, hypertonicity, dystonia, pes cavus, mild ptosis, and decreased vibration sense in the lower limbs. Symptom severity is variable, but neither life span nor cognition is affected (summary by Meijer et al., 2002 and Bourassa et al., 2012). Genetic Heterogeneity of Spastic Ataxia See also SPAX2 (611302), caused by mutation in the KIF1C gene (603060) on chromosome 17p13; SPAX3 (611390), caused by rearrangements of the MARS2 gene (609728) on chromosome 2q33; SPAX4 (613672), caused by mutation in the MTPAP gene (613669) on chromosome 10p11; SPAX5 (614487), caused by mutation in the AFG3L2 gene (604581) on chromosome 18p11; SPAX6 (270550), caused by mutation in the SACS gene (604490) on chromosome 13q12; SPAX7 (108650); SPAX8 (617560), caused by mutation in the NKX6-2 gene (605955) on chromosome 8q21; SPAX9 (618438), caused by mutation in the CHP1 gene (606988) on chromosome 15q15; and SPAX10 (620666), caused by mutation in the COQ4 gene (612898) on chromosome 9q34. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Pes cavus
MedGen UID:
675590
•Concept ID:
C0728829
•
Congenital Abnormality
An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).
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Dysphagia
MedGen UID:
41440
•Concept ID:
C0011168
•
Disease or Syndrome
Difficulty in swallowing.
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Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
•Concept ID:
C0013362
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
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Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
•Concept ID:
C0013421
•
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
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Spastic paraplegia
MedGen UID:
20882
•Concept ID:
C0037772
•
Disease or Syndrome
Spasticity and weakness of the leg and hip muscles.
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Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
•Concept ID:
C0151889
•
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
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Memory impairment
MedGen UID:
68579
•Concept ID:
C0233794
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
An impairment of memory as manifested by a reduced ability to remember things such as dates and names, and increased forgetfulness.
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Gait disturbance
MedGen UID:
107895
•Concept ID:
C0575081
•
Finding
The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk.
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Spastic ataxia
MedGen UID:
376528
•Concept ID:
C1849156
•
Disease or Syndrome
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Leg muscle stiffness
MedGen UID:
870176
•Concept ID:
C4024610
•
Sign or Symptom
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
•Concept ID:
C0005745
•
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).
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Abnormality of eye movement
MedGen UID:
99227
•Concept ID:
C0497202
•
Finding
An abnormality in voluntary or involuntary eye movements or their control.
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Slow saccadic eye movements
MedGen UID:
232942
•Concept ID:
C1321329
•
Finding
An abnormally slow velocity of the saccadic eye movements.
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Supranuclear gaze palsy
MedGen UID:
314030
•Concept ID:
C1720037
•
Disease or Syndrome
A supranuclear gaze palsy is an inability to look in a particular direction as a result of cerebral impairment. There is a loss of the voluntary aspect of eye movements, but, as the brainstem is still intact, all the reflex conjugate eye movements are normal.
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Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVSpastic ataxia 1
Follow this link to review classifications for Spastic ataxia 1 in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Behavioral Management of Respiratory/Phonatory Dysfunction for Dysarthria Associated With Neurodegenerative Disease: A Systematic Review.
Perry SE, Troche M, Huber JE, Curtis J, Kiefer B, Sevitz J, Dennard Q, Borders J, Browy JR, Dakin A, Gonzalez V, Chapman J, Wu T, Katz L, Britton D
Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2024 Mar 7;33(2):1069-1097. Epub 2024 Jan 17 doi: 10.1044/2023_AJSLP-23-00274. PMID: 38232176
Increasing involvement of CAPN1 variants in spastic ataxias and phenotype-genotype correlations.
Méreaux JL, Firanescu C, Coarelli G, Kvarnung M, Rodrigues R, Pegoraro E, Tazir M, Taithe F, Valter R, Huin V, Lidström K, Banneau G, Morais S, Parodi L, Coutelier M, Papin M, Svenningsson P, Azulay JP, Alonso I, Nilsson D, Brice A, Le Guern E, Press R, Vazza G, Loureiro JL, Goizet C, Durr A, Paucar M, Stevanin G
Neurogenetics 2021 Mar;22(1):71-79. Epub 2021 Jan 23 doi: 10.1007/s10048-020-00633-2. PMID: 33486633Free PMC Article
EFNS/ENS Consensus on the diagnosis and management of chronic ataxias in adulthood.
van de Warrenburg BP, van Gaalen J, Boesch S, Burgunder JM, Dürr A, Giunti P, Klockgether T, Mariotti C, Pandolfo M, Riess O
Eur J Neurol 2014 Apr;21(4):552-62. Epub 2014 Jan 13 doi: 10.1111/ene.12341. PMID: 24418350

Recent clinical studies

Therapy

Pyrostigmine therapy in a patient with VAMP1-related congenital myasthenic syndrome.
Al-Muhaizea MA, AlQuait L, AlRasheed A, AlHarbi S, Albader AA, AlMass R, Albakheet A, Alhumaidan A, AlRasheed MM, Colak D, Kaya N
Neuromuscul Disord 2020 Jul;30(7):611-615. Epub 2020 May 15 doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.04.007. PMID: 32616363

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