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Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 53(EIEE53; DEE53)

MedGen UID:
1374886
•Concept ID:
C4479313
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 53
 
Gene (location): SYNJ1 (21q22.11)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0033362
OMIM®: 617389

Definition

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-53 (DEE53) is a severe autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by onset of intractable seizures in infancy. Affected individuals show hypotonia and very poor or absent global development, resulting in severe intellectual disability and spastic quadriplegia. Some patients may die in childhood (summary by Hardies et al., 2016). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
•Concept ID:
C0232466
•
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
•Concept ID:
C0036572
•
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterised by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Status epilepticus
MedGen UID:
11586
•Concept ID:
C0038220
•
Disease or Syndrome
Status epilepticus is a type of prolonged seizure resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures (after time point t1). It is a condition that can have long-term consequences (after time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures.
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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
•Concept ID:
C0344482
•
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
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Spastic tetraplegia
MedGen UID:
98433
•Concept ID:
C0426970
•
Disease or Syndrome
Spastic paralysis affecting all four limbs.
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Epileptic encephalopathy
MedGen UID:
452596
•Concept ID:
C0543888
•
Disease or Syndrome
A condition in which epileptiform abnormalities are believed to contribute to the progressive disturbance in cerebral function. Epileptic encephalaopathy is characterized by (1) electrographic EEG paroxysmal activity that is often aggressive, (2) seizures that are usually multiform and intractable, (3) cognitive, behavioral and neurological deficits that may be relentless, and (4) sometimes early death.
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Hypsarrhythmia
MedGen UID:
195766
•Concept ID:
C0684276
•
Finding
Hypsarrhythmia is abnormal interictal high amplitude waves and a background of irregular spikes. There is continuous (during wakefulness), high-amplitude (>200 Hz), generalized polymorphic slowing with no organized background and multifocal spikes demonstrated by electroencephalography (EEG).
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Progressive neurologic deterioration
MedGen UID:
381506
•Concept ID:
C1854838
•
Finding
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Intellectual disability, profound
MedGen UID:
892508
•Concept ID:
C3161330
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Profound mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 20.
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Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
•Concept ID:
C1858120
•
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
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Elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration
MedGen UID:
69128
•Concept ID:
C0241005
•
Finding
An elevation of the level of the enzyme creatine kinase (also known as creatine phosphokinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) in the blood. CK levels can be elevated in a number of clinical disorders such as myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophy.
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Increased serum lactate
MedGen UID:
332209
•Concept ID:
C1836440
•
Finding
Abnormally increased level of blood lactate (2-hydroxypropanoic acid). Lactate is produced from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase during normal metabolism. The terms lactate and lactic acid are often used interchangeably but lactate (the component measured in blood) is strictly a weak base whereas lactic acid is the corresponding acid. Lactic acidosis is often used clinically to describe elevated lactate but should be reserved for cases where there is a corresponding acidosis (pH below 7.35).
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Visual impairment
MedGen UID:
777085
•Concept ID:
C3665347
•
Finding
Visual impairment (or vision impairment) is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.
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Professional guidelines

PubMed

Genotype-phenotype correlations of STXBP1 pathogenic variants and the treatment choices for STXBP1-related disorders in China.
Kessi M, Chen B, Shan LD, Wang Y, Yang L, Yin F, He F, Peng J, Wang G
BMC Med Genomics 2023 Mar 7;16(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s12920-023-01474-2. PMID: 36882827Free PMC Article
Impact of Genetic Testing on Therapeutic Decision-Making in Childhood-Onset Epilepsies-a Study in a Tertiary Epilepsy Center.
Bayat A, Fenger CD, Techlo TR, Højte AF, Nørgaard I, Hansen TF, Rubboli G, Møller RS, Group DCCRS
Neurotherapeutics 2022 Jul;19(4):1353-1367. Epub 2022 Jun 20 doi: 10.1007/s13311-022-01264-1. PMID: 35723786Free PMC Article
Overall management of patients with Dravet syndrome.
Ceulemans B
Dev Med Child Neurol 2011 Apr;53 Suppl 2:19-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03968.x. PMID: 21504428

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

KCNT1-related epilepsies and epileptic encephalopathies: phenotypic and mutational spectrum.
Bonardi CM, Heyne HO, Fiannacca M, Fitzgerald MP, Gardella E, Gunning B, Olofsson K, Lesca G, Verbeek N, Stamberger H, Striano P, Zara F, Mancardi MM, Nava C, Syrbe S, Buono S, Baulac S, Coppola A, Weckhuysen S, Schoonjans AS, Ceulemans B, Sarret C, Baumgartner T, Muhle H, Portes VD, Toulouse J, Nougues MC, Rossi M, Demarquay G, Ville D, Hirsch E, Maurey H, Willems M, de Bellescize J, Altuzarra CD, Villeneuve N, Bartolomei F, Picard F, Hornemann F, Koolen DA, Kroes HY, Reale C, Fenger CD, Tan WH, Dibbens L, Bearden DR, Møller RS, Rubboli G
Brain 2021 Dec 31;144(12):3635-3650. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab219. PMID: 34114611
Molecular Diagnostic Yield of Exome Sequencing in Patients With Cerebral Palsy.
Moreno-De-Luca A, Millan F, Pesacreta DR, Elloumi HZ, Oetjens MT, Teigen C, Wain KE, Scuffins J, Myers SM, Torene RI, Gainullin VG, Arvai K, Kirchner HL, Ledbetter DH, Retterer K, Martin CL
JAMA 2021 Feb 2;325(5):467-475. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26148. PMID: 33528536Free PMC Article
SYNGAP1 encephalopathy: A distinctive generalized developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
Vlaskamp DRM, Shaw BJ, Burgess R, Mei D, Montomoli M, Xie H, Myers CT, Bennett MF, XiangWei W, Williams D, Maas SM, Brooks AS, Mancini GMS, van de Laar IMBH, van Hagen JM, Ware TL, Webster RI, Malone S, Berkovic SF, Kalnins RM, Sicca F, Korenke GC, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Hildebrand MS, Mefford HC, Jiang Y, Guerrini R, Scheffer IE
Neurology 2019 Jan 8;92(2):e96-e107. Epub 2018 Dec 12 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006729. PMID: 30541864Free PMC Article
High Rate of Recurrent De Novo Mutations in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Hamdan FF, Myers CT, Cossette P, Lemay P, Spiegelman D, Laporte AD, Nassif C, Diallo O, Monlong J, Cadieux-Dion M, Dobrzeniecka S, Meloche C, Retterer K, Cho MT, Rosenfeld JA, Bi W, Massicotte C, Miguet M, Brunga L, Regan BM, Mo K, Tam C, Schneider A, Hollingsworth G; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, FitzPatrick DR, Donaldson A, Canham N, Blair E, Kerr B, Fry AE, Thomas RH, Shelagh J, Hurst JA, Brittain H, Blyth M, Lebel RR, Gerkes EH, Davis-Keppen L, Stein Q, Chung WK, Dorison SJ, Benke PJ, Fassi E, Corsten-Janssen N, Kamsteeg EJ, Mau-Them FT, Bruel AL, Verloes A, Õunap K, Wojcik MH, Albert DVF, Venkateswaran S, Ware T, Jones D, Liu YC, Mohammad SS, Bizargity P, Bacino CA, Leuzzi V, Martinelli S, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Blumkin L, Wierenga KJ, Purcarin G, O'Byrne JJ, Stockler S, Lehman A, Keren B, Nougues MC, Mignot C, Auvin S, Nava C, Hiatt SM, Bebin M, Shao Y, Scaglia F, Lalani SR, Frye RE, Jarjour IT, Jacques S, Boucher RM, Riou E, Srour M, Carmant L, Lortie A, Major P, Diadori P, Dubeau F, D'Anjou G, Bourque G, Berkovic SF, Sadleir LG, Campeau PM, Kibar Z, Lafrenière RG, Girard SL, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Boelman C, Rouleau GA, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC, Andrade DM, Rossignol E, Minassian BA, Michaud JL
Am J Hum Genet 2017 Nov 2;101(5):664-685. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.008. PMID: 29100083Free PMC Article
Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism.
Christensen J, Grønborg TK, Sørensen MJ, Schendel D, Parner ET, Pedersen LH, Vestergaard M
JAMA 2013 Apr 24;309(16):1696-703. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.2270. PMID: 23613074Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

GABRB3-related epilepsy: novel variants, clinical features and therapeutic implications.
Yang Y, Zeng Q, Cheng M, Niu X, Xiangwei W, Gong P, Li W, Ma J, Zhang X, Yang X, Yang Z, Sun D, Zhou S, Liao J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y
J Neurol 2022 May;269(5):2649-2665. Epub 2021 Oct 26 doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10834-w. PMID: 34698933
Pathogenic SPTBN1 variants cause an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental syndrome.
Cousin MA, Creighton BA, Breau KA, Spillmann RC, Torti E, Dontu S, Tripathi S, Ajit D, Edwards RJ, Afriyie S, Bay JC, Harper KM, Beltran AA, Munoz LJ, Falcon Rodriguez L, Stankewich MC, Person RE, Si Y, Normand EA, Blevins A, May AS, Bier L, Aggarwal V, Mancini GMS, van Slegtenhorst MA, Cremer K, Becker J, Engels H, Aretz S, MacKenzie JJ, Brilstra E, van Gassen KLI, van Jaarsveld RH, Oegema R, Parsons GM, Mark P, Helbig I, McKeown SE, Stratton R, Cogne B, Isidor B, Cacheiro P, Smedley D, Firth HV, Bierhals T, Kloth K, Weiss D, Fairley C, Shieh JT, Kritzer A, Jayakar P, Kurtz-Nelson E, Bernier RA, Wang T, Eichler EE, van de Laar IMBH, McConkie-Rosell A, McDonald MT, Kemppainen J, Lanpher BC, Schultz-Rogers LE, Gunderson LB, Pichurin PN, Yoon G, Zech M, Jech R, Winkelmann J; Undiagnosed Diseases Network; Genomics England Research Consortium, Beltran AS, Zimmermann MT, Temple B, Moy SS, Klee EW, Tan QK, Lorenzo DN
Nat Genet 2021 Jul;53(7):1006-1021. Epub 2021 Jul 1 doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00886-z. PMID: 34211179Free PMC Article
Molecular Diagnostic Yield of Exome Sequencing in Patients With Cerebral Palsy.
Moreno-De-Luca A, Millan F, Pesacreta DR, Elloumi HZ, Oetjens MT, Teigen C, Wain KE, Scuffins J, Myers SM, Torene RI, Gainullin VG, Arvai K, Kirchner HL, Ledbetter DH, Retterer K, Martin CL
JAMA 2021 Feb 2;325(5):467-475. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26148. PMID: 33528536Free PMC Article
High Rate of Recurrent De Novo Mutations in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Hamdan FF, Myers CT, Cossette P, Lemay P, Spiegelman D, Laporte AD, Nassif C, Diallo O, Monlong J, Cadieux-Dion M, Dobrzeniecka S, Meloche C, Retterer K, Cho MT, Rosenfeld JA, Bi W, Massicotte C, Miguet M, Brunga L, Regan BM, Mo K, Tam C, Schneider A, Hollingsworth G; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, FitzPatrick DR, Donaldson A, Canham N, Blair E, Kerr B, Fry AE, Thomas RH, Shelagh J, Hurst JA, Brittain H, Blyth M, Lebel RR, Gerkes EH, Davis-Keppen L, Stein Q, Chung WK, Dorison SJ, Benke PJ, Fassi E, Corsten-Janssen N, Kamsteeg EJ, Mau-Them FT, Bruel AL, Verloes A, Õunap K, Wojcik MH, Albert DVF, Venkateswaran S, Ware T, Jones D, Liu YC, Mohammad SS, Bizargity P, Bacino CA, Leuzzi V, Martinelli S, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Blumkin L, Wierenga KJ, Purcarin G, O'Byrne JJ, Stockler S, Lehman A, Keren B, Nougues MC, Mignot C, Auvin S, Nava C, Hiatt SM, Bebin M, Shao Y, Scaglia F, Lalani SR, Frye RE, Jarjour IT, Jacques S, Boucher RM, Riou E, Srour M, Carmant L, Lortie A, Major P, Diadori P, Dubeau F, D'Anjou G, Bourque G, Berkovic SF, Sadleir LG, Campeau PM, Kibar Z, Lafrenière RG, Girard SL, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Boelman C, Rouleau GA, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC, Andrade DM, Rossignol E, Minassian BA, Michaud JL
Am J Hum Genet 2017 Nov 2;101(5):664-685. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.008. PMID: 29100083Free PMC Article
Histopathological Findings in Brain Tissue Obtained during Epilepsy Surgery.
Blumcke I, Spreafico R, Haaker G, Coras R, Kobow K, Bien CG, Pfäfflin M, Elger C, Widman G, Schramm J, Becker A, Braun KP, Leijten F, Baayen JC, Aronica E, Chassoux F, Hamer H, Stefan H, Rössler K, Thom M, Walker MC, Sisodiya SM, Duncan JS, McEvoy AW, Pieper T, Holthausen H, Kudernatsch M, Meencke HJ, Kahane P, Schulze-Bonhage A, Zentner J, Heiland DH, Urbach H, Steinhoff BJ, Bast T, Tassi L, Lo Russo G, Özkara C, Oz B, Krsek P, Vogelgesang S, Runge U, Lerche H, Weber Y, Honavar M, Pimentel J, Arzimanoglou A, Ulate-Campos A, Noachtar S, Hartl E, Schijns O, Guerrini R, Barba C, Jacques TS, Cross JH, Feucht M, Mühlebner A, Grunwald T, Trinka E, Winkler PA, Gil-Nagel A, Toledano Delgado R, Mayer T, Lutz M, Zountsas B, Garganis K, Rosenow F, Hermsen A, von Oertzen TJ, Diepgen TL, Avanzini G; EEBB Consortium
N Engl J Med 2017 Oct 26;377(17):1648-1656. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1703784. PMID: 29069555

Therapy

SCN2A-Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies: Challenges to trial-readiness for non-seizure outcomes.
Berg AT, Palac H, Wilkening G, Zelko F, Schust Meyer L
Epilepsia 2021 Jan;62(1):258-268. Epub 2020 Nov 25 doi: 10.1111/epi.16750. PMID: 33236786
First-line medication dosing in pediatric refractory status epilepticus.
Vasquez A, Gaínza-Lein M, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman K, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Glauser T, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Kapur K, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Riviello JJ, Sannagowdara K, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T; Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG)
Neurology 2020 Nov 10;95(19):e2683-e2696. Epub 2020 Sep 10 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010828. PMID: 32913024Free PMC Article
SYNGAP1 encephalopathy: A distinctive generalized developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
Vlaskamp DRM, Shaw BJ, Burgess R, Mei D, Montomoli M, Xie H, Myers CT, Bennett MF, XiangWei W, Williams D, Maas SM, Brooks AS, Mancini GMS, van de Laar IMBH, van Hagen JM, Ware TL, Webster RI, Malone S, Berkovic SF, Kalnins RM, Sicca F, Korenke GC, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Hildebrand MS, Mefford HC, Jiang Y, Guerrini R, Scheffer IE
Neurology 2019 Jan 8;92(2):e96-e107. Epub 2018 Dec 12 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006729. PMID: 30541864Free PMC Article
A pragmatic study on efficacy, tolerability and long term acceptance of ketogenic diet therapy in 74 South Indian children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Baby N, Vinayan KP, Pavithran N, Grace Roy A
Seizure 2018 May;58:41-46. Epub 2018 Mar 21 doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.03.020. PMID: 29653328
Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism.
Christensen J, Grønborg TK, Sørensen MJ, Schendel D, Parner ET, Pedersen LH, Vestergaard M
JAMA 2013 Apr 24;309(16):1696-703. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.2270. PMID: 23613074Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Associations Between Maternal Antenatal Corticosteroid Treatment and Psychological Developmental and Neurosensory Disorders in Children.
Räikkönen K, Gissler M, Tapiainen T, Kajantie E
JAMA Netw Open 2022 Aug 1;5(8):e2228518. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28518. PMID: 36001315Free PMC Article
Neurodegeneration and Early Infantile Epilepsy Associated with ITPA Variants: A Case Series and Review of Literature.
Sharma Y, Saini AG, Kaur R, Bhatia V, Didwal G, Kumar P, Uppala R
Neuropediatrics 2022 Jun;53(3):167-175. Epub 2022 Jan 28 doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1742322. PMID: 35098521
First-line medication dosing in pediatric refractory status epilepticus.
Vasquez A, Gaínza-Lein M, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman K, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Glauser T, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Kapur K, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Riviello JJ, Sannagowdara K, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T; Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG)
Neurology 2020 Nov 10;95(19):e2683-e2696. Epub 2020 Sep 10 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010828. PMID: 32913024Free PMC Article
A pragmatic study on efficacy, tolerability and long term acceptance of ketogenic diet therapy in 74 South Indian children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Baby N, Vinayan KP, Pavithran N, Grace Roy A
Seizure 2018 May;58:41-46. Epub 2018 Mar 21 doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.03.020. PMID: 29653328
Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism.
Christensen J, Grønborg TK, Sørensen MJ, Schendel D, Parner ET, Pedersen LH, Vestergaard M
JAMA 2013 Apr 24;309(16):1696-703. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.2270. PMID: 23613074Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Rates of Status Epilepticus and Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy in People With Genetic Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Donnan AM, Schneider AL, Russ-Hall S, Churilov L, Scheffer IE
Neurology 2023 Apr 18;100(16):e1712-e1722. Epub 2023 Feb 7 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207080. PMID: 36750385Free PMC Article
Pathogenic SPTBN1 variants cause an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental syndrome.
Cousin MA, Creighton BA, Breau KA, Spillmann RC, Torti E, Dontu S, Tripathi S, Ajit D, Edwards RJ, Afriyie S, Bay JC, Harper KM, Beltran AA, Munoz LJ, Falcon Rodriguez L, Stankewich MC, Person RE, Si Y, Normand EA, Blevins A, May AS, Bier L, Aggarwal V, Mancini GMS, van Slegtenhorst MA, Cremer K, Becker J, Engels H, Aretz S, MacKenzie JJ, Brilstra E, van Gassen KLI, van Jaarsveld RH, Oegema R, Parsons GM, Mark P, Helbig I, McKeown SE, Stratton R, Cogne B, Isidor B, Cacheiro P, Smedley D, Firth HV, Bierhals T, Kloth K, Weiss D, Fairley C, Shieh JT, Kritzer A, Jayakar P, Kurtz-Nelson E, Bernier RA, Wang T, Eichler EE, van de Laar IMBH, McConkie-Rosell A, McDonald MT, Kemppainen J, Lanpher BC, Schultz-Rogers LE, Gunderson LB, Pichurin PN, Yoon G, Zech M, Jech R, Winkelmann J; Undiagnosed Diseases Network; Genomics England Research Consortium, Beltran AS, Zimmermann MT, Temple B, Moy SS, Klee EW, Tan QK, Lorenzo DN
Nat Genet 2021 Jul;53(7):1006-1021. Epub 2021 Jul 1 doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00886-z. PMID: 34211179Free PMC Article
KCNT1-related epilepsies and epileptic encephalopathies: phenotypic and mutational spectrum.
Bonardi CM, Heyne HO, Fiannacca M, Fitzgerald MP, Gardella E, Gunning B, Olofsson K, Lesca G, Verbeek N, Stamberger H, Striano P, Zara F, Mancardi MM, Nava C, Syrbe S, Buono S, Baulac S, Coppola A, Weckhuysen S, Schoonjans AS, Ceulemans B, Sarret C, Baumgartner T, Muhle H, Portes VD, Toulouse J, Nougues MC, Rossi M, Demarquay G, Ville D, Hirsch E, Maurey H, Willems M, de Bellescize J, Altuzarra CD, Villeneuve N, Bartolomei F, Picard F, Hornemann F, Koolen DA, Kroes HY, Reale C, Fenger CD, Tan WH, Dibbens L, Bearden DR, Møller RS, Rubboli G
Brain 2021 Dec 31;144(12):3635-3650. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab219. PMID: 34114611
First-line medication dosing in pediatric refractory status epilepticus.
Vasquez A, Gaínza-Lein M, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman K, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Glauser T, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Kapur K, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Riviello JJ, Sannagowdara K, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T; Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG)
Neurology 2020 Nov 10;95(19):e2683-e2696. Epub 2020 Sep 10 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010828. PMID: 32913024Free PMC Article
High Rate of Recurrent De Novo Mutations in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Hamdan FF, Myers CT, Cossette P, Lemay P, Spiegelman D, Laporte AD, Nassif C, Diallo O, Monlong J, Cadieux-Dion M, Dobrzeniecka S, Meloche C, Retterer K, Cho MT, Rosenfeld JA, Bi W, Massicotte C, Miguet M, Brunga L, Regan BM, Mo K, Tam C, Schneider A, Hollingsworth G; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, FitzPatrick DR, Donaldson A, Canham N, Blair E, Kerr B, Fry AE, Thomas RH, Shelagh J, Hurst JA, Brittain H, Blyth M, Lebel RR, Gerkes EH, Davis-Keppen L, Stein Q, Chung WK, Dorison SJ, Benke PJ, Fassi E, Corsten-Janssen N, Kamsteeg EJ, Mau-Them FT, Bruel AL, Verloes A, Õunap K, Wojcik MH, Albert DVF, Venkateswaran S, Ware T, Jones D, Liu YC, Mohammad SS, Bizargity P, Bacino CA, Leuzzi V, Martinelli S, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Blumkin L, Wierenga KJ, Purcarin G, O'Byrne JJ, Stockler S, Lehman A, Keren B, Nougues MC, Mignot C, Auvin S, Nava C, Hiatt SM, Bebin M, Shao Y, Scaglia F, Lalani SR, Frye RE, Jarjour IT, Jacques S, Boucher RM, Riou E, Srour M, Carmant L, Lortie A, Major P, Diadori P, Dubeau F, D'Anjou G, Bourque G, Berkovic SF, Sadleir LG, Campeau PM, Kibar Z, Lafrenière RG, Girard SL, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Boelman C, Rouleau GA, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC, Andrade DM, Rossignol E, Minassian BA, Michaud JL
Am J Hum Genet 2017 Nov 2;101(5):664-685. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.008. PMID: 29100083Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Minimally invasive procedures for hypothalamic hamartoma-related epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Iranmehr A, Dabbagh Ohadi MA, Chavoshi M, Jahanbakhshi A, Slavin KV
Neurosurg Focus 2022 Oct;53(4):E8. doi: 10.3171/2022.7.FOCUS22296. PMID: 36183177
Efficacy and tolerability of fenfluramine in patients with Dravet syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sharawat IK, Panda PK, Kasinathan A, Panda P, Dawman L, Joshi K
Seizure 2021 Feb;85:119-126. Epub 2021 Jan 11 doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.12.016. PMID: 33461030
Efficacy of different treatment modalities for acute and chronic phases of the febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: A systematic review.
Kessi M, Liu F, Zhan Y, Tang Y, Wu L, Yang L, Zhang CL, Yin F, Peng J
Seizure 2020 Jul;79:61-68. Epub 2020 May 14 doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.04.015. PMID: 32417686
Duplication of the sodium channel gene cluster on 2q24 in children with early onset epilepsy.
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