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Episodic kinesigenic dyskinesia 1(EKD1)

MedGen UID:
1636366
Concept ID:
C4552000
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Dystonia 10; EKD1; Familial Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia; Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis; PxMD-PRRT2
 
Gene (location): PRRT2 (16p11.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0100352
OMIM®: 128200

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: PRRT2-Related Disorder
PRRT2-related disorder, caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the gene PRRT2 (associated with aberrant synaptic transmission), is characterized by three core episodic neurologic phenotypes: epilepsy, movement disorder, and migraine. Age at onset and phenotypes range from neonatal/infantile (self-limited [familial] infantile epilepsy), to childhood (childhood absence epilepsy), to adolescence to adulthood (paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia [PKD] or migraine). As individuals with PRRT2-related disorder age, they may exhibit one of more of these core phenotypes in various combinations, either concurrently or sequentially. Additionally, family members with the same pathogenic PRRT2 variant may display different core phenotypes. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Kathryn Yang  |  Vincente Quiroz  |  Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari   view full author information

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by episodes of abnormal movement that range from mild to severe. In the condition name, the word paroxysmal indicates that the abnormal movements come and go over time, kinesigenic means that episodes are triggered by movement, and dyskinesia refers to involuntary movement of the body.

People with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia experience episodes of irregular jerking or shaking movements that are brought on by sudden motion, such as standing up quickly or being startled. An episode may involve slow, prolonged muscle contractions (dystonia); small, fast, "dance-like" motions (chorea); writhing movements of the limbs (athetosis); or, rarely, flailing movements of the limbs (ballismus). 

Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia may affect one or both sides of the body. The type of abnormal movement varies among affected individuals, even among members of the same family. In many people with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, a pattern of symptoms called an aura immediately precedes the episode. The aura is often described as a crawling or tingling sensation in the affected body part. Individuals with this condition do not lose consciousness during an episode and do not experience any symptoms between episodes.

Individuals with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia usually first experience episodes during childhood or adolescence.  Episodes typically last less than five minutes, and the frequency of episodes ranges from one per month to 100 per day. In most affected individuals, episodes occur less often with age.

In some people with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia the disorder begins in infancy with recurring seizures characteristic of those in a condition called benign familial infantile seizures. These seizures usually develop in the first year of life and stop by age 3. When benign familial infantile seizures are associated with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, the condition is known as infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA). In families with ICCA, some individuals develop only benign familial infantile seizures, some have only familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, and others have ICCA, which has features of both conditions.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/familial-paroxysmal-kinesigenic-dyskinesia

Clinical features

From HPO
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Orofacial dyskinesia
MedGen UID:
57747
Concept ID:
C0152115
Disease or Syndrome
Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
Paroxysmal dystonia
MedGen UID:
97951
Concept ID:
C0393588
Sign or Symptom
A form of dystonia characterized by episodes of dystonia (often hemidystonia or generalized) lasting from minutes to hours. There are no dystonic symptoms between episodes.
Paroxysmal choreoathetosis
MedGen UID:
343687
Concept ID:
C1851936
Disease or Syndrome
Episodes of choreoathetosis that can occur following triggers such as quick voluntary movements.
Infantile spasms
MedGen UID:
854616
Concept ID:
C3887898
Disease or Syndrome
Infantile spasms represent a subset of "epileptic spasms". Infantile Spasms are epileptic spasms starting in the first year of life (infancy).

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Cao L, Huang X, Wang N, Wu Z, Zhang C, Gu W, Cong S, Ma J, Wei L, Deng Y, Fang Q, Niu Q, Wang J, Wang Z, Yin Y, Tian J, Tian S, Bi H, Jiang H, Liu X, Lü Y, Sun M, Wu J, Xu E, Chen T, Chen T, Chen X, Li W, Li S, Li Q, Song X, Tang Y, Yang P, Yang Y, Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Ouyang Y, Yu J, Hu Q, Ke Q, Yao Y, Zhao Z, Zhao X, Zhao G, Liang F, Cheng N, Han J, Peng R, Chen S, Tang B
Transl Neurodegener 2021 Feb 16;10(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s40035-021-00231-8. PMID: 33588936Free PMC Article
Latorre A, Bhatia KP
Neurol Clin 2020 May;38(2):433-447. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2020.01.007. PMID: 32279719
Zhao G, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang K
Int J Neurosci 2018 Aug;128(8):751-760. Epub 2018 Jan 7 doi: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1418345. PMID: 29285950

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