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PEHO syndrome(PEHO)

MedGen UID:
342404
Concept ID:
C1850055
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Infantile cerebellooptic atrophy; PEHO; Progressive Encephalopathy with edema, Hypsarrhythmia, and Optic atrophy
SNOMED CT: Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy syndrome (442511009); PEHO syndrome (442511009); PEHO (progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy) syndrome (442511009)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Gene (location): ZNHIT3 (17q12)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009841
OMIM®: 260565
Orphanet: ORPHA2836

Definition

PEHO is a severe autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by extreme cerebellar atrophy due to almost total loss of granule neurons. Affected individuals present in early infancy with hypotonia, profoundly delayed psychomotor development, optic atrophy, progressive atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem, and dysmyelination. Most patients also develop infantile seizures that are often associated with hypsarrhythmia on EEG, and many have peripheral edema (summary by Anttonen et al., 2017). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Tapered finger
MedGen UID:
98098
Concept ID:
C0426886
Finding
The gradual reduction in girth of the finger from proximal to distal.
Edema of the dorsum of feet
MedGen UID:
753650
Concept ID:
C2919341
Finding
An abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin on the back of the feet.
Feeding difficulties in infancy
MedGen UID:
436211
Concept ID:
C2674608
Finding
Impaired feeding performance of an infant as manifested by difficulties such as weak and ineffective sucking, brief bursts of sucking, and falling asleep during sucking. There may be difficulties with chewing or maintaining attention.
Myoclonus
MedGen UID:
10234
Concept ID:
C0027066
Finding
Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
Concept ID:
C0151889
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
Polymicrogyria
MedGen UID:
78605
Concept ID:
C0266464
Congenital Abnormality
Polymicrogyria is a congenital malformation of the cerebral cortex characterized by abnormal cortical layering (lamination) and an excessive number of small gyri (folds).
Macrogyria
MedGen UID:
120579
Concept ID:
C0266483
Congenital Abnormality
Pachygyria is a malformation of cortical development with abnormally wide gyri with sulci 1,5-3 cm apart and abnormally thick cortex measuring more than 5 mm (radiological definition). See also neuropathological definitions for 2-, 3-, and 4-layered lissencephaly.
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
Concept ID:
C0344482
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Hypsarrhythmia
MedGen UID:
195766
Concept ID:
C0684276
Finding
Hypsarrhythmia is abnormal interictal high amplitude waves and a background of irregular spikes. There is continuous (during wakefulness), high-amplitude (>200 Hz), generalized polymorphic slowing with no organized background and multifocal spikes demonstrated by electroencephalography (EEG).
Cerebellar atrophy
MedGen UID:
196624
Concept ID:
C0740279
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.
Developmental stagnation
MedGen UID:
341348
Concept ID:
C1848980
Finding
A cessation of the development of a child in the areas of motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and/or emotional skills.
Undetectable visual evoked potentials
MedGen UID:
376697
Concept ID:
C1850069
Finding
Neuronal loss in central nervous system
MedGen UID:
342515
Concept ID:
C1850496
Finding
Infantile encephalopathy
MedGen UID:
343542
Concept ID:
C1856408
Finding
Encephalopathy with onset in the infantile period.
Intellectual disability, profound
MedGen UID:
892508
Concept ID:
C3161330
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Profound mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 20.
Peripheral dysmyelination
MedGen UID:
871139
Concept ID:
C4025610
Finding
Defective structure and function of myelin sheaths. Dysmyelination is distinguished from demyleination where there is destruction or damage of previously normal myelination.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Severe muscular hypotonia
MedGen UID:
326544
Concept ID:
C1839630
Finding
A severe degree of muscular hypotonia characterized by markedly reduced muscle tone.
Progressive microcephaly
MedGen UID:
340542
Concept ID:
C1850456
Anatomical Abnormality
Progressive microcephaly is diagnosed when the head circumference falls progressively behind age- and gender-dependent norms.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Edema
MedGen UID:
4451
Concept ID:
C0013604
Pathologic Function
An abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body.
Edema of the dorsum of hands
MedGen UID:
752076
Concept ID:
C2732374
Finding
An abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin on the back of the hands.
Open mouth
MedGen UID:
116104
Concept ID:
C0240379
Finding
A facial appearance characterized by a permanently or nearly permanently opened mouth.
Epicanthus
MedGen UID:
151862
Concept ID:
C0678230
Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Narrow forehead
MedGen UID:
326956
Concept ID:
C1839758
Finding
Width of the forehead or distance between the frontotemporales is more than two standard deviations below the mean (objective); or apparently narrow intertemporal region (subjective).
Tented upper lip vermilion
MedGen UID:
326574
Concept ID:
C1839767
Finding
Triangular appearance of the oral aperture with the apex in the midpoint of the upper vermilion and the lower vermilion forming the base.
Short nose
MedGen UID:
343052
Concept ID:
C1854114
Finding
Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.
Full cheeks
MedGen UID:
355661
Concept ID:
C1866231
Finding
Increased prominence or roundness of soft tissues between zygomata and mandible.
Optic atrophy
MedGen UID:
18180
Concept ID:
C0029124
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVPEHO syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Somer M
J Med Genet 1993 Nov;30(11):932-6. doi: 10.1136/jmg.30.11.932. PMID: 8301648Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Sabaie H, Ahangar NK, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Rezazadeh M
Biomed Pharmacother 2020 Nov;131:110793. Epub 2020 Sep 29 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110793. PMID: 33152950
Huisman TA, Klein A, Werner B, Straube T, Boltshauser E
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006 Aug;27(7):1555-8. PMID: 16908579Free PMC Article
D'Arrigo S, Grazia BM, Faravelli F, Riva D, Pantaleoni C
J Child Neurol 2005 May;20(5):454-6. doi: 10.1177/08830738050200051801. PMID: 15968934
Riikonen R, Somer M, Turpeinen U
Epilepsia 1999 Nov;40(11):1642-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02051.x. PMID: 10565594
Somer M, Salonen O, Pihko H, Norio R
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993 Jul-Aug;14(4):861-7. PMID: 8352158Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Sabaie H, Ahangar NK, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Rezazadeh M
Biomed Pharmacother 2020 Nov;131:110793. Epub 2020 Sep 29 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110793. PMID: 33152950
Chitre M, Nahorski MS, Stouffer K, Dunning-Davies B, Houston H, Wakeling EL, Brady AF, Zuberi SM, Suri M, Parker APJ, Woods CG
J Med Genet 2018 Dec;55(12):803-813. Epub 2018 Oct 4 doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105288. PMID: 30287594
Nahorski MS, Asai M, Wakeling E, Parker A, Asai N, Canham N, Holder SE, Chen YC, Dyer J, Brady AF, Takahashi M, Woods CG
Brain 2016 Apr;139(Pt 4):1036-44. Epub 2016 Feb 25 doi: 10.1093/brain/aww014. PMID: 26917597Free PMC Article
Chitty LS, Robb S, Berry C, Silver D, Baraitser M
Clin Dysmorphol 1996 Apr;5(2):143-52. doi: 10.1097/00019605-199604000-00006. PMID: 8723564
Somer M
J Med Genet 1993 Nov;30(11):932-6. doi: 10.1136/jmg.30.11.932. PMID: 8301648Free PMC Article

Therapy

Riikonen R
Int J Mol Sci 2017 Sep 26;18(10) doi: 10.3390/ijms18102056. PMID: 28954393Free PMC Article
Caraballo RH, Pozo AN, Gomez M, Semprino M
Pediatr Neurol 2011 Apr;44(4):259-64. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.11.007. PMID: 21397166

Prognosis

Õunap K, Muru K, Õiglane-Shlik E, Ilves P, Pajusalu S, Kuus I, Wojcik MH, Reimand T
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Feb;63(2):103660. Epub 2019 Apr 29 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.04.017. PMID: 31048081Free PMC Article
Huisman TA, Klein A, Werner B, Straube T, Boltshauser E
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006 Aug;27(7):1555-8. PMID: 16908579Free PMC Article
D'Arrigo S, Grazia BM, Faravelli F, Riva D, Pantaleoni C
J Child Neurol 2005 May;20(5):454-6. doi: 10.1177/08830738050200051801. PMID: 15968934
Klein A, Schmitt B, Boltshauser E
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2004;8(6):317-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2004.08.006. PMID: 15542387
Chitty LS, Robb S, Berry C, Silver D, Baraitser M
Clin Dysmorphol 1996 Apr;5(2):143-52. doi: 10.1097/00019605-199604000-00006. PMID: 8723564

Clinical prediction guides

Õunap K, Muru K, Õiglane-Shlik E, Ilves P, Pajusalu S, Kuus I, Wojcik MH, Reimand T
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Feb;63(2):103660. Epub 2019 Apr 29 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.04.017. PMID: 31048081Free PMC Article
Caraballo RH, Pozo AN, Gomez M, Semprino M
Pediatr Neurol 2011 Apr;44(4):259-64. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.11.007. PMID: 21397166
Fujimoto S, Yokochi K, Nakano M, Wada Y
Neuropediatrics 1995 Oct;26(5):270-2. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979771. PMID: 8552220
Haltia M, Somer M
Acta Neuropathol 1993;85(3):241-7. doi: 10.1007/BF00227717. PMID: 8460530

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