Increased excretion of glycopeptides in the urine. Glycopeptides are peptides with carbohydrate moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues.

Increased urinary excretion of oligosaccharides (low molecular weight carbohydrate chains composed of at least three monosaccharide subunits), derived from a partial degradation of glycoproteins.

Coxa valga is a deformity of the hip in which the angle between the femoral shaft and the femoral neck is increased compared to age-adjusted values (about 150 degrees in newborns gradually reducing to 120-130 degrees in adults).

Increased size of the heart, clinically defined as an increased transverse diameter of the cardiac silhouette that is greater than or equal to 50% of the transverse diameter of the chest (increased cardiothoracic ratio) on a posterior-anterior projection of a chest radiograph or a computed tomography.

A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).

Abnormally increased size of the liver.

The presence of any abnormality affecting the abdominal wall.

A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.

An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.

A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterised by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

A generalized disorder of peripheral nerves.

Spasticity is manifested by increased stretch reflex which is intensified with movement velocity. This results in excessive and inappropriate muscle activation which can contribute to muscle hypertonia. Spastic gait is characterized by manifestations such as muscle hypertonia, stiff knee, and circumduction of the leg.

Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.

Spastic paralysis affecting all four limbs.

A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.

Loss of developmental skills, as manifested by loss of developmental milestones.

Tendon reflexes that are noticeably more active than usual (conventionally denoted 3+ on clinical examination). Brisk reflexes may or may not indicate a neurological lesion. They are distinguished from hyperreflexia by the fact that hyerreflexia is characterized by hyperactive repeating (clonic) reflexes, which are considered to be always abnormal.

Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, has been defined as an IQ score below 70.

The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening.

The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a progressive multisystem disorder with features ranging over a continuum of severity. While affected individuals have traditionally been classified as having one of three MPS I syndromes (Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome, or Scheie syndrome), no easily measurable biochemical differences have been identified and the clinical findings overlap. Affected individuals are best described as having either a phenotype consistent with either severe (Hurler syndrome) or attenuated MPS I, a distinction that influences therapeutic options. Severe MPS I. Infants appear normal at birth. Typical early manifestations are nonspecific (e.g., umbilical or inguinal hernia, frequent upper respiratory tract infections before age 1 year). Coarsening of the facial features may not become apparent until after age one year. Gibbus deformity of the lower spine is common and often noted within the first year. Progressive skeletal dysplasia (dysostosis multiplex) involving all bones is universal, as is progressive arthropathy involving most joints. By age three years, linear growth decreases. Intellectual disability is progressive and profound but may not be readily apparent in the first year of life. Progressive cardiorespiratory involvement, hearing loss, and corneal clouding are common. Without treatment, death (typically from cardiorespiratory failure) usually occurs within the first ten years of life. Attenuated MPS I. Clinical onset is usually between ages three and ten years. The severity and rate of disease progression range from serious life-threatening complications leading to death in the second to third decade, to a normal life span complicated by significant disability from progressive joint manifestations and cardiorespiratory disease. While some individuals have no neurologic involvement and psychomotor development may be normal in early childhood, learning disabilities and psychiatric manifestations can be present later in life. Hearing loss, cardiac valvular disease, respiratory involvement, and corneal clouding are common.

Reduced strength of muscles.

Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.

A rounded, bulging chest that resembles the shape of a barrel. That is, there is an increased anteroposterior diameter and usually some degree of kyphosis.

A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.

An abnormal accentuation of the inward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region.

A broad chest.

Aplasia or hypoplasia of the paranasal sinuses.

A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates affecting the cervical spine.

Anterior tongue-like protrusions of the vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine.

Anterior tongue-like protrusions of thoracic vertebral bodies.

An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections as manifested by a history of recurrent respiratory infections.

Abnormal increased size of the spleen.

The presence of clear, sharply defined vacuoles in the lymphocyte cytoplasm.

An increased concentration of chloride in the sweat.

Increased length and width of the tongue.

Interalar distance more than two standard deviations above the mean for age, i.e., an apparently increased width of the nasal base and alae.

Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.

Increased thickness of the lower lip, leading to a prominent appearance of the lower lip. The height of the vermilion of the lower lip in the midline is more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased height of the vermilion of the lower lip in the frontal view (subjective).

Absence of fine and sharp appearance of brows, nose, lips, mouth, and chin, usually because of rounded and heavy features or thickened skin with or without thickening of subcutaneous and bony tissues.

Increased density/number and/or increased diameter of eyebrow hairs.

Angiokeratomas are hyperkeratotic papules that are characterized histologically by superficial ectatic (i.e., dilated) blood vessels with epidermal proliferation. Clinically, angiokeratoma presents as a small, raised, dark-red spot.

Inability to sweat.

Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.

Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

The presence of an increased number of twists and turns of the conjunctival blood vessels.