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Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6(HSAN6)

MedGen UID:
761278
Concept ID:
C3539003
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: HSAN VI; Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VI
SNOMED CT: Familial dysautonomia with contractures (1279838005); Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (1279838005); Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (1279838005); HSAN6 - hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (1279838005)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): DST (6p12.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013839
OMIM®: 614653
Orphanet: ORPHA314381

Definition

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN6) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia, respiratory and feeding difficulties, lack of psychomotor development, and autonomic abnormalities including labile cardiovascular function, lack of corneal reflexes leading to corneal scarring, areflexia, and absent axonal flare response after intradermal histamine injection (summary by Edvardson et al., 2012). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, see HSAN1 (162400). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Hand clenching
MedGen UID:
65994
Concept ID:
C0239815
Finding
An abnormal hand posture in which the hands are clenched to fists. All digits held completely flexed at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. In prenatal sonography of the fetal clenched hand, the index finger overlaps a clenched fist formed by the other digits. The proximal interphalangeal articulation of the index finger is flexed and ulnarly deviated, and the thumb is adducted.
Ventricular septal defect
MedGen UID:
42366
Concept ID:
C0018818
Congenital Abnormality
A hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the most superior aspect of the ventricular septum.
Hypertensive disorder
MedGen UID:
6969
Concept ID:
C0020538
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.
Tachycardia
MedGen UID:
21453
Concept ID:
C0039231
Finding
A rapid heartrate that exceeds the range of the normal resting heartrate for age.
Bradycardia
MedGen UID:
140901
Concept ID:
C0428977
Finding
A slower than normal heart rate (in adults, slower than 60 beats per minute).
Fetal growth restriction
MedGen UID:
4693
Concept ID:
C0015934
Pathologic Function
An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Growth delay
MedGen UID:
99124
Concept ID:
C0456070
Pathologic Function
A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Poor suck
MedGen UID:
324693
Concept ID:
C1837142
Finding
An inadequate sucking reflex, resulting in the difficult of newborns to be breast-fed.
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
Concept ID:
C4317146
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Sensory neuropathy
MedGen UID:
101791
Concept ID:
C0151313
Disease or Syndrome
Peripheral neuropathy affecting the sensory nerves.
Areflexia
MedGen UID:
115943
Concept ID:
C0234146
Finding
Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Profound global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
766364
Concept ID:
C3553450
Disease or Syndrome
A profound delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Flexion contracture
MedGen UID:
83069
Concept ID:
C0333068
Anatomical Abnormality
A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.
Corneal scarring
MedGen UID:
83899
Concept ID:
C0349702
Finding
Replacement of corneal tissue with scar tissue as a result of injury to the deeper layers of the cornea.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Neonatal hypotonia
MedGen UID:
412209
Concept ID:
C2267233
Disease or Syndrome
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) manifesting in the neonatal period.
Limited hip extension
MedGen UID:
766282
Concept ID:
C3553368
Finding
Limitation of the extension of the hip, i.e., decreased ability to straighten the hip joint and thereby increase the angle between torso and thigh; moving the thigh or top of the pelvis backward.
Apnea
MedGen UID:
2009
Concept ID:
C0003578
Sign or Symptom
Lack of breathing with no movement of the respiratory muscles and no exchange of air in the lungs. This term refers to a disposition to have recurrent episodes of apnea rather than to a single event.
Stridor
MedGen UID:
11613
Concept ID:
C0038450
Sign or Symptom
Stridor is a high pitched sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the upper airway.
Aspiration
MedGen UID:
751786
Concept ID:
C2712334
Finding
Inspiration of a foreign object into the airway.
Neonatal respiratory distress
MedGen UID:
924182
Concept ID:
C4281993
Finding
Respiratory difficulty as newborn.
Fever
MedGen UID:
5169
Concept ID:
C0015967
Sign or Symptom
Body temperature elevated above the normal range.
Hyperpyrexia
MedGen UID:
581221
Concept ID:
C0392676
Pathologic Function
An extreme elevation of core body temperature above normal defined as a rectal temperature of 41.1 degrees Celsius (106 degrees Fahrenheit).
Bilateral vocal cord paresis
MedGen UID:
148345
Concept ID:
C0751574
Disease or Syndrome
Decreased strength of the vocal fold on both sides.
Open mouth
MedGen UID:
116104
Concept ID:
C0240379
Finding
A facial appearance characterized by a permanently or nearly permanently opened mouth.
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Short chin
MedGen UID:
784514
Concept ID:
C3697248
Finding
Decreased vertical distance from the vermilion border of the lower lip to the inferior-most point of the chin.
Hyperhidrosis
MedGen UID:
5690
Concept ID:
C0020458
Finding
Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather.
Erythema
MedGen UID:
11999
Concept ID:
C0041834
Disease or Syndrome
Redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.
Blotching pigmentation of the skin
MedGen UID:
870386
Concept ID:
C4024831
Finding
Breech presentation
MedGen UID:
654
Concept ID:
C0006157
Pathologic Function
A position of the fetus at delivery in which the fetus enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first.
Retinal hemorrhage
MedGen UID:
11210
Concept ID:
C0035317
Pathologic Function
Hemorrhage occurring within the retina.
Absent corneal reflex
MedGen UID:
78835
Concept ID:
C0278211
Finding
Absence of the corneal blinking reflex, which normally induces involuntary blinking of the eyelids following contact of the cornea. The corneal blink reflex is caused by a loop between the trigeminal sensory nerves and the facial motor (VII) nerve innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscles.
Alacrima
MedGen UID:
87488
Concept ID:
C0344505
Disease or Syndrome
Absence of tear secretion.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6
Follow this link to review classifications for Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Sekijima Y, Ueda M, Koike H, Misawa S, Ishii T, Ando Y
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018 Jan 17;13(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s13023-017-0726-x. PMID: 29343286Free PMC Article
Dotan K, Feldman B, Goldman B, Peri Y, Peleg L
J Assist Reprod Genet 2010 Jun;27(6):335-41. Epub 2010 Mar 3 doi: 10.1007/s10815-010-9396-5. PMID: 20198415Free PMC Article
Kalman L, Wilson JA, Buller A, Dixon J, Edelmann L, Geller L, Highsmith WE, Holtegaard L, Kornreich R, Rohlfs EM, Payeur TL, Sellers T, Toji L, Muralidharan K
J Mol Diagn 2009 Nov;11(6):530-6. Epub 2009 Oct 8 doi: 10.2353/jmoldx.2009.090050. PMID: 19815695Free PMC Article

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Horie M, Mekada K, Sano H, Kikkawa Y, Chiken S, Someya T, Saito K, Hossain MI, Nameta M, Abe K, Sakimura K, Ono K, Nambu A, Yoshiki A, Takebayashi H
Neurobiol Dis 2016 Dec;96:271-283. Epub 2016 Sep 28 doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.016. PMID: 27693510

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