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Primary ciliary dyskinesia 24(CILD24)

MedGen UID:
815964
Concept ID:
C3809634
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: CILD24; CILIARY DYSKINESIA, PRIMARY, 24, WITHOUT SITUS INVERSUS
 
Gene (location): RSPH1 (21q22.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014202
OMIM®: 615481

Definition

Primary ciliary dyskinesia-24 is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from defects of motile cilia. It is characterized clinically by sinopulmonary infection and subfertility; situs inversus is not observed. Ultrastructural examination of mutant cilia shows defects of the central microtubule complex and radial spokes (summary by Kott et al., 2013). For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary ciliary dyskinesia, see 244400. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Infertility disorder
MedGen UID:
43876
Concept ID:
C0021359
Finding
Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.
Situs inversus
MedGen UID:
1642262
Concept ID:
C4551493
Congenital Abnormality
A left-right reversal (or mirror reflection) of the anatomical location of the major thoracic and abdominal organs.
Bronchiectasis
MedGen UID:
14234
Concept ID:
C0006267
Disease or Syndrome
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi owing to localized and irreversible destruction and widening of the large airways.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
MedGen UID:
3467
Concept ID:
C0008780
Disease or Syndrome
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by chronic respiratory tract infections, abnormally positioned internal organs, and the inability to have children (infertility). The signs and symptoms of this condition are caused by abnormal cilia and flagella. Cilia are microscopic, finger-like projections that stick out from the surface of cells. They are found in the linings of the airway, the reproductive system, and other organs and tissues. Flagella are tail-like structures, similar to cilia, that propel sperm cells forward.\n\nIn the respiratory tract, cilia move back and forth in a coordinated way to move mucus towards the throat. This movement of mucus helps to eliminate fluid, bacteria, and particles from the lungs. Most babies with primary ciliary dyskinesia experience breathing problems at birth, which suggests that cilia play an important role in clearing fetal fluid from the lungs. Beginning in early childhood, affected individuals develop frequent respiratory tract infections. Without properly functioning cilia in the airway, bacteria remain in the respiratory tract and cause infection. People with primary ciliary dyskinesia also have year-round nasal congestion and a chronic cough. Chronic respiratory tract infections can result in a condition called bronchiectasis, which damages the passages, called bronchi, leading from the windpipe to the lungs and can cause life-threatening breathing problems.\n\nSome individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia have abnormally placed organs within their chest and abdomen. These abnormalities arise early in embryonic development when the differences between the left and right sides of the body are established. About 50 percent of people with primary ciliary dyskinesia have a mirror-image reversal of their internal organs (situs inversus totalis). For example, in these individuals the heart is on the right side of the body instead of on the left. Situs inversus totalis does not cause any apparent health problems. When someone with primary ciliary dyskinesia has situs inversus totalis, they are often said to have Kartagener syndrome.\n\nApproximately 12 percent of people with primary ciliary dyskinesia have a condition known as heterotaxy syndrome or situs ambiguus, which is characterized by abnormalities of the heart, liver, intestines, or spleen. These organs may be structurally abnormal or improperly positioned. In addition, affected individuals may lack a spleen (asplenia) or have multiple spleens (polysplenia). Heterotaxy syndrome results from problems establishing the left and right sides of the body during embryonic development. The severity of heterotaxy varies widely among affected individuals.\n\nRarely, individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia have an accumulation of fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus), likely due to abnormal cilia in the brain.\n\nPrimary ciliary dyskinesia can also lead to infertility. Vigorous movements of the flagella are necessary to propel the sperm cells forward to the female egg cell. Because their sperm do not move properly, males with primary ciliary dyskinesia are usually unable to father children. Infertility occurs in some affected females and is likely due to abnormal cilia in the fallopian tubes.\n\nAnother feature of primary ciliary dyskinesia is recurrent ear infections (otitis media), especially in young children. Otitis media can lead to permanent hearing loss if untreated. The ear infections are likely related to abnormal cilia within the inner ear.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
MedGen UID:
9818
Concept ID:
C0024117
Disease or Syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, complex disorder associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. COPD is defined by irreversible airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and/or small airways disease. Airflow obstruction is typically determined by reductions in quantitative spirometric indices, including forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC) (Silverman et al., 2002; Celedon et al., 2004).
Recurrent sinusitis
MedGen UID:
107919
Concept ID:
C0581354
Disease or Syndrome
A recurrent form of sinusitis.
Immotile cilia
MedGen UID:
383738
Concept ID:
C1855672
Finding
Decreased nasal nitric oxide
MedGen UID:
767344
Concept ID:
C3554430
Finding
Reduced level of nasal nitric oxide (nNO). Current American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines for nNO measurements recommend air aspiration via a nasal probe while the subject exhales through the mouth against resistance in order to maintain velum closure.
Neonatal respiratory distress
MedGen UID:
924182
Concept ID:
C4281993
Finding
Respiratory difficulty as newborn.
Recurrent otitis media
MedGen UID:
155436
Concept ID:
C0747085
Disease or Syndrome
Increased susceptibility to otitis media, as manifested by recurrent episodes of otitis media.
Chronic rhinitis
MedGen UID:
3086
Concept ID:
C0008711
Disease or Syndrome
Chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa.

Term Hierarchy

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Ewen R, Pink I, Sutharsan S, Aries SP, Grünewaldt A, Shoemark A, Sommerwerck U, Staar BO, Wege S, Mertsch P, Rademacher J, Ringshausen FC; PROGNOSIS Study Group
Chest 2024 Nov;166(5):938-950. Epub 2024 Jun 15 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.05.023. PMID: 38880279Free PMC Article
Oh J, Lee JS, Park MS, Kang YA, Cho HJ, Kim SY, Jung J, Yoon SO, Kim KW
Yonsei Med J 2024 Jan;65(1):48-54. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0238. PMID: 38154480Free PMC Article
Maglione M, Aksamit T, Santamaria F
Respirology 2019 Nov;24(11):1063-1072. Epub 2019 Jun 20 doi: 10.1111/resp.13615. PMID: 31222879

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Ewen R, Pink I, Sutharsan S, Aries SP, Grünewaldt A, Shoemark A, Sommerwerck U, Staar BO, Wege S, Mertsch P, Rademacher J, Ringshausen FC; PROGNOSIS Study Group
Chest 2024 Nov;166(5):938-950. Epub 2024 Jun 15 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.05.023. PMID: 38880279Free PMC Article
Oh J, Lee JS, Park MS, Kang YA, Cho HJ, Kim SY, Jung J, Yoon SO, Kim KW
Yonsei Med J 2024 Jan;65(1):48-54. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0238. PMID: 38154480Free PMC Article
Kinghorn B, Rosenfeld M, Sullivan E, Onchiri F, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Zariwala MA, Pittman JE, Mollica F, Tiddens HAWM, Kemner-van de Corput M, Knowles MR, Davis SD, Leigh MW
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023 Apr;20(4):539-547. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202206-524OC. PMID: 36442147Free PMC Article
Guo Z, Chen W, Wang L, Qian L
J Pediatr 2020 Oct;225:157-165.e5. Epub 2020 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.052. PMID: 32502479
Vallet C, Escudier E, Roudot-Thoraval F, Blanchon S, Fauroux B, Beydon N, Boulé M, Vojtek AM, Amselem S, Clément A, Tamalet A
Eur J Pediatr 2013 Aug;172(8):1053-60. Epub 2013 Apr 10 doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-1996-5. PMID: 23571820

Diagnosis

Oh J, Lee JS, Park MS, Kang YA, Cho HJ, Kim SY, Jung J, Yoon SO, Kim KW
Yonsei Med J 2024 Jan;65(1):48-54. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0238. PMID: 38154480Free PMC Article
Ringshausen FC, Shapiro AJ, Nielsen KG, Mazurek H, Pifferi M, Donn KH, van der Eerden MM, Loebinger MR, Zariwala MA, Leigh MW, Knowles MR, Ferkol TW; CLEAN-PCD investigators and study team
Lancet Respir Med 2024 Jan;12(1):21-33. Epub 2023 Aug 31 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00226-6. PMID: 37660715
De Jesús-Rojas W, Meléndez-Montañez J, Muñiz-Hernández J, Marra-Nazario A, Alvarado-Huerta F, Santos-López A, Ramos-Benitez MJ, Mosquera RA
Int J Mol Sci 2023 Jan 18;24(3) doi: 10.3390/ijms24031936. PMID: 36768259Free PMC Article
Ferkol T
Paediatr Respir Rev 2017 Sep;24:19-20. Epub 2017 Jun 12 doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2017.06.005. PMID: 28687245
Maniscalco M, Bianco A, Mazzarella G, Motta A
Curr Med Chem 2016;23(24):2736-2745. doi: 10.2174/0929867323666160627115335. PMID: 27356533

Therapy

Ewen R, Pink I, Sutharsan S, Aries SP, Grünewaldt A, Shoemark A, Sommerwerck U, Staar BO, Wege S, Mertsch P, Rademacher J, Ringshausen FC; PROGNOSIS Study Group
Chest 2024 Nov;166(5):938-950. Epub 2024 Jun 15 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.05.023. PMID: 38880279Free PMC Article
Ringshausen FC, Shapiro AJ, Nielsen KG, Mazurek H, Pifferi M, Donn KH, van der Eerden MM, Loebinger MR, Zariwala MA, Leigh MW, Knowles MR, Ferkol TW; CLEAN-PCD investigators and study team
Lancet Respir Med 2024 Jan;12(1):21-33. Epub 2023 Aug 31 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00226-6. PMID: 37660715
Spencer S, Donovan T, Chalmers JD, Mathioudakis AG, McDonnell MJ, Tsang A, Leadbetter P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Jan 5;1(1):CD013254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013254.pub2. PMID: 34985761Free PMC Article
Kobbernagel HE, Buchvald FF, Haarman EG, Casaulta C, Collins SA, Hogg C, Kuehni CE, Lucas JS, Moser CE, Quittner AL, Raidt J, Rosthøj S, Sørensen AL, Thomsen K, Werner C, Omran H, Nielsen KG
Lancet Respir Med 2020 May;8(5):493-505. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30058-8. PMID: 32380069
Tadesse A, Alemu H, Silamsaw M, Gebrewold Y
J Med Case Rep 2018 Jan 10;12(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13256-017-1538-2. PMID: 29316973Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Ewen R, Pink I, Sutharsan S, Aries SP, Grünewaldt A, Shoemark A, Sommerwerck U, Staar BO, Wege S, Mertsch P, Rademacher J, Ringshausen FC; PROGNOSIS Study Group
Chest 2024 Nov;166(5):938-950. Epub 2024 Jun 15 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.05.023. PMID: 38880279Free PMC Article
Ringshausen FC, Shapiro AJ, Nielsen KG, Mazurek H, Pifferi M, Donn KH, van der Eerden MM, Loebinger MR, Zariwala MA, Leigh MW, Knowles MR, Ferkol TW; CLEAN-PCD investigators and study team
Lancet Respir Med 2024 Jan;12(1):21-33. Epub 2023 Aug 31 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00226-6. PMID: 37660715
Paternò S, Pisani L, Zanconato S, Ferraro VA, Carraro S
Int J Mol Sci 2023 Nov 10;24(22) doi: 10.3390/ijms242216159. PMID: 38003348Free PMC Article
Kinghorn B, Rosenfeld M, Sullivan E, Onchiri F, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Zariwala MA, Pittman JE, Mollica F, Tiddens HAWM, Kemner-van de Corput M, Knowles MR, Davis SD, Leigh MW
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023 Apr;20(4):539-547. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202206-524OC. PMID: 36442147Free PMC Article
Guo Z, Chen W, Wang L, Qian L
J Pediatr 2020 Oct;225:157-165.e5. Epub 2020 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.052. PMID: 32502479

Clinical prediction guides

Ewen R, Pink I, Sutharsan S, Aries SP, Grünewaldt A, Shoemark A, Sommerwerck U, Staar BO, Wege S, Mertsch P, Rademacher J, Ringshausen FC; PROGNOSIS Study Group
Chest 2024 Nov;166(5):938-950. Epub 2024 Jun 15 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.05.023. PMID: 38880279Free PMC Article
Ringshausen FC, Shapiro AJ, Nielsen KG, Mazurek H, Pifferi M, Donn KH, van der Eerden MM, Loebinger MR, Zariwala MA, Leigh MW, Knowles MR, Ferkol TW; CLEAN-PCD investigators and study team
Lancet Respir Med 2024 Jan;12(1):21-33. Epub 2023 Aug 31 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00226-6. PMID: 37660715
Kinghorn B, Rosenfeld M, Sullivan E, Onchiri F, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Zariwala MA, Pittman JE, Mollica F, Tiddens HAWM, Kemner-van de Corput M, Knowles MR, Davis SD, Leigh MW
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023 Apr;20(4):539-547. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202206-524OC. PMID: 36442147Free PMC Article
Spencer S, Donovan T, Chalmers JD, Mathioudakis AG, McDonnell MJ, Tsang A, Leadbetter P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Jan 5;1(1):CD013254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013254.pub2. PMID: 34985761Free PMC Article
Guo Z, Chen W, Wang L, Qian L
J Pediatr 2020 Oct;225:157-165.e5. Epub 2020 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.052. PMID: 32502479

Recent systematic reviews

Spencer S, Donovan T, Chalmers JD, Mathioudakis AG, McDonnell MJ, Tsang A, Leadbetter P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Jan 5;1(1):CD013254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013254.pub2. PMID: 34985761Free PMC Article
Inaba A, Furuhata M, Morimoto K, Rahman M, Takahashi O, Hijikata M, Knowles MR, Keicho N
BMC Pulm Med 2019 Jul 25;19(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s12890-019-0897-4. PMID: 31345208Free PMC Article
Shapiro AJ, Josephson M, Rosenfeld M, Yilmaz O, Davis SD, Polineni D, Guadagno E, Leigh MW, Lavergne V
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017 Jul;14(7):1184-1196. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201701-062SR. PMID: 28481653Free PMC Article

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