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15q11q13 microduplication syndrome

MedGen UID:
390767
Concept ID:
C2675336
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: 15q11.2-q13.1 Duplication Syndrome; Chromosome 15q11-q13 duplication syndrome; DUPLICATION 15q11-q13 SYNDROME
SNOMED CT: 15q11q13 microduplication syndrome (719427001); Trisomy 15q11q13 (719427001)
Modes of inheritance:
Unknown inheritance
MedGen UID:
989040
Concept ID:
CN307042
Finding
Source: Orphanet
Hereditary clinical entity whose mode of inheritance is unknown.
Not genetically inherited
MedGen UID:
988794
Concept ID:
CN307044
Finding
Source: Orphanet
clinical entity without genetic inheritance.
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0012081
OMIM®: 608636
Orphanet: ORPHA238446

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Maternal 15q Duplication Syndrome
Maternal 15q duplication syndrome (maternal dup15q) is characterized by hypotonia and motor delays, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and epilepsy including infantile spasms. Rarely, maternal dup15q may also be associated with psychosis or sudden unexplained death. Those with a maternal isodicentric 15q11.2-q13.1 supernumerary chromosome are typically more severely affected than those with an interstitial duplication. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Laina Lusk  |  Vanessa Vogel-Farley  |  Charlotte DiStefano, et. al.   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
The features of the chromosome 15q11-q13 duplication syndrome include autism, mental retardation, ataxia, seizures, developmental delays, and behavioral problems (Bundey et al., 1994; Burnside et al., 2011). See also chromosome 15q13.3 deletion syndrome (612001) and chromosome 15q11.2 deletion syndrome (615656). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autism, see 209850.  http://www.omim.org/entry/608636
From MedlinePlus Genetics
15q11-q13 duplication syndrome (dup15q syndrome) is a developmental disorder; its signs and symptoms vary among affected individuals.

Poor muscle tone (hypotonia) is common in individuals with dup15q syndrome and contributes to delayed development and impairment of motor skills, including sitting and walking. Most affected children develop the ability to walk independently after age 2 or 3, and they typically have a wide-based or uncoordinated (ataxic) pattern of walking (gait). Babies with dup15q syndrome often have trouble feeding due to weak facial muscles that impair sucking and swallowing.

Intellectual disability also occurs in people with dup15q syndrome and can range from mild to profound; however, it is usually in the moderate to severe range. Speech and language development are particularly affected, with some individuals never developing functional speech. Most individuals with this disorder have autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and many have language problems associated with ASD such as repeating the words of others (echolalia) or repeating particular phrases (stereotypical utterances).

Behavioral difficulties are also associated with dup15q syndrome, including other features of ASD such as difficulty with changes in routine and problems with social interaction. Affected individuals may also experience hyperactivity, anxiety, and frustration leading to tantrums. Mood disorders and psychosis occur in some affected individuals.

More than half of people with dup15q syndrome have recurrent seizures (epilepsy). The seizures usually develop between the ages of 6 months and 9 years. Some people with dup15q syndrome have only focal seizures, which affect one part of the brain and usually do not cause a loss of consciousness. In other affected individuals, seizures begin with a type called infantile spasms (seizures that usually appear before the age of 1 and involve recurrent muscle contractions) and later include other types of seizures. In addition to focal seizures, these can include rapid uncontrolled muscle jerks (myotonic seizures); tonic-clonic (also called grand mal) seizures, which involve rigidity, convulsions, and loss of consciousness; and absence (also known as petit mal) seizures, which are brief episodes of impaired consciousness that look like staring spells. Affected individuals may develop complex, difficult-to-treat (intractable) seizure patterns such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Seizures can lead to falls, loss of developmental milestones (developmental regression), and in a small minority of cases, sudden death during sleep (called sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, or SUDEP).

Hearing loss in childhood is common in dup15q syndrome and usually results from ear infections that cause fluid buildup in the middle ear. This hearing loss is often temporary. However, if ear infections are left untreated during early childhood, the hearing loss can interfere with language development and worsen the speech problems associated with dup15q syndrome.

About 30 percent of individuals with dup15q syndrome are born with eyes that do not look in the same direction (strabismus). Other unusual facial features that can occur in this condition include a low forehead; outside corners of the eyes that point downward (downslanting palpebral fissures); a flattened nasal bridge with a short, upturned nose; nostrils that open to the front rather than downward (anteverted nares); a long space between the nose and the upper lip (philtrum); a small lower jaw (micrognathia); a high-arched roof of the mouth (palate); full lips; low-set ears; and a flat back of the head (occiput). These features are typically subtle and may not be noticed during infancy.

Other problems associated with dup15q syndrome in some affected individuals include a reduced ability to feel pain; a spine that curves to the side (scoliosis); recurrent respiratory infections in childhood; a skin condition called eczema; early (precocious) puberty and, in females, menstrual irregularities; minor genital abnormalities in males such as undescended testes (cryptorchidism); overeating; and excessive weight gain.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/15q11-q13-duplication-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Autism
MedGen UID:
13966
Concept ID:
C0004352
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Autism, the prototypic pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), is usually apparent by 3 years of age. It is characterized by a triad of limited or absent verbal communication, a lack of reciprocal social interaction or responsiveness, and restricted, stereotypic, and ritualized patterns of interests and behavior (Bailey et al., 1996; Risch et al., 1999). 'Autism spectrum disorder,' sometimes referred to as ASD, is a broader phenotype encompassing the less severe disorders Asperger syndrome (see ASPG1; 608638) and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). 'Broad autism phenotype' includes individuals with some symptoms of autism, but who do not meet the full criteria for autism or other disorders. Mental retardation coexists in approximately two-thirds of individuals with ASD, except for Asperger syndrome, in which mental retardation is conspicuously absent (Jones et al., 2008). Genetic studies in autism often include family members with these less stringent diagnoses (Schellenberg et al., 2006). Levy et al. (2009) provided a general review of autism and autism spectrum disorder, including epidemiology, characteristics of the disorder, diagnosis, neurobiologic hypotheses for the etiology, genetics, and treatment options. Genetic Heterogeneity of Autism Autism is considered to be a complex multifactorial disorder involving many genes. Accordingly, several loci have been identified, some or all of which may contribute to the phenotype. Included in this entry is AUTS1, which has been mapped to chromosome 7q22. Other susceptibility loci include AUTS3 (608049), which maps to chromosome 13q14; AUTS4 (608636), which maps to chromosome 15q11; AUTS6 (609378), which maps to chromosome 17q11; AUTS7 (610676), which maps to chromosome 17q21; AUTS8 (607373), which maps to chromosome 3q25-q27; AUTS9 (611015), which maps to chromosome 7q31; AUTS10 (611016), which maps to chromosome 7q36; AUTS11 (610836), which maps to chromosome 1q41; AUTS12 (610838), which maps to chromosome 21p13-q11; AUTS13 (610908), which maps to chromosome 12q14; AUTS14A (611913), which has been found in patients with a deletion of a region of 16p11.2; AUTS14B (614671), which has been found in patients with a duplication of a region of 16p11.2; AUTS15 (612100), associated with mutation in the CNTNAP2 gene (604569) on chromosome 7q35-q36; AUTS16 (613410), associated with mutation in the SLC9A9 gene (608396) on chromosome 3q24; AUTS17 (613436), associated with mutation in the SHANK2 gene (603290) on chromosome 11q13; AUTS18 (615032), associated with mutation in the CHD8 gene (610528) on chromosome 14q11; AUTS19 (615091), associated with mutation in the EIF4E gene (133440) on chromosome 4q23; and AUTS20 (618830), associated with mutation in the NLGN1 gene (600568) on chromosome 3q26. (NOTE: the symbol 'AUTS2' has been used to refer to a gene on chromosome 7q11 (KIAA0442; 607270) and therefore is not used as a part of this autism locus series.) There are several X-linked forms of autism susceptibility: AUTSX1 (300425), associated with mutations in the NLGN3 gene (300336); AUTSX2 (300495), associated with mutations in NLGN4 (300427); AUTSX3 (300496), associated with mutations in MECP2 (300005); AUTSX4 (300830), associated with variation in the region on chromosome Xp22.11 containing the PTCHD1 gene (300828); AUTSX5 (300847), associated with mutations in the RPL10 gene (312173); and AUTSX6 (300872), associated with mutation in the TMLHE gene (300777). A locus on chromosome 2q (606053) associated with a phenotype including intellectual disability and speech deficits was formerly designated AUTS5. Folstein and Rosen-Sheidley (2001) reviewed the genetics of autism.
Echolalia
MedGen UID:
8532
Concept ID:
C0013528
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Echolalia is the automatic imitative repetition of sounds, words, or phrases in the absence of explicit awareness. The repeated words or phrases are typically odd or used in a non-social manner. These can be words or phrases that the affected individual has heard or invented.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Intellectual disability, severe
MedGen UID:
48638
Concept ID:
C0036857
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Severe mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 20-34.
Motor stereotypies
MedGen UID:
21318
Concept ID:
C0038271
Individual Behavior
Use of the same abnormal action in response to certain triggers or at random. They may be used as a way to regulate one's internal state but must otherwise have no apparent functional purpose.
EEG abnormality
MedGen UID:
56235
Concept ID:
C0151611
Finding
Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.
Unsteady gait
MedGen UID:
68544
Concept ID:
C0231686
Finding
A shaky or wobbly manner of walking.
Truncal ataxia
MedGen UID:
96535
Concept ID:
C0427190
Sign or Symptom
Truncal ataxia is a sign of ataxia characterized by instability of the trunk. It usually occurs during sitting.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure
MedGen UID:
141670
Concept ID:
C0494475
Sign or Symptom
A bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a seizure defined by a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase.
Reduced eye contact
MedGen UID:
303190
Concept ID:
C1445953
Finding
A reduced frequency or duration of eye contact.
Impaired ability to form peer relationships
MedGen UID:
325221
Concept ID:
C1837649
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Difficulty to establish relations with others in a comparable social group (peers) that may be manifested in pehnomena such as not being able to initiative a conversation, undersand social cues, or to discuss shared interests. This feature is associated with poor integration within a community or group.
Lack of spontaneous play
MedGen UID:
373380
Concept ID:
C1837650
Finding
Inflexible adherence to routines
MedGen UID:
324848
Concept ID:
C1837653
Finding
A need to strictly adhere to repetitive routines or patterns of behavior which are created by the environment. One becomes upset or distressed when their routines are disrupted or altered.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Abnormal nonverbal communicative behavior
MedGen UID:
867425
Concept ID:
C4021798
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Abnormalities in eye contact, communicative facial expressions, gesture use, or the use of others' bodies to communicate convey shared meanings within a culture that replace or supplement verbal communication.
Restrictive behavior
MedGen UID:
892681
Concept ID:
C4021799
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Behavior characterized by an abnormal limitation to a few interests and activities.
Reduced social reciprocity
MedGen UID:
868342
Concept ID:
C4022736
Finding
A reduced ability to participate in the back-and-forth flow of social interaction appropriate to culture and developmental level, which is normally characterized by an influence of the behavior of one person on the behavior of another person. This results in difficulty interacting with others through emotional, physical, or verbal communication.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Increased serum serotonin
MedGen UID:
488950
Concept ID:
C0877243
Finding
A increased concentration of serotonin in the blood.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGV15q11q13 microduplication syndrome
Follow this link to review classifications for 15q11q13 microduplication syndrome in Orphanet.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Zech M, Boesch S, Škorvánek M, Necpál J, Švantnerová J, Wagner M, Dincer Y, Sadr-Nabavi A, Serranová T, Rektorová I, Havránková P, Ganai S, Mosejová A, Příhodová I, Šarláková J, Kulcsarová K, Ulmanová O, Bechyně K, Ostrozovičová M, Haň V, Ventosa JR, Shariati M, Shoeibi A, Weber S, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C, Berutti R, Strom TM, Ceballos-Baumann A, Mall V, Haslinger B, Jech R, Winkelmann J
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021 Mar;84:129-134. Epub 2021 Feb 12 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.013. PMID: 33611074
Łaczmańska I, Stembalska A, Złocińska M, Kozłowska J, Skiba P, Pesz K, Ślęzak R, Śmigiel R, Jakubiak A, Misiak B, Sąsiadek MM
Adv Clin Exp Med 2020 Jan;29(1):101-106. doi: 10.17219/acem/112609. PMID: 31990460
Al Ageeli E, Drunat S, Delanoë C, Perrin L, Baumann C, Capri Y, Fabre-Teste J, Aboura A, Dupont C, Auvin S, El Khattabi L, Chantereau D, Moncla A, Tabet AC, Verloes A
Eur J Med Genet 2014 Jan;57(1):5-14. Epub 2013 Nov 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.10.008. PMID: 24239951
Ingason A, Kirov G, Giegling I, Hansen T, Isles AR, Jakobsen KD, Kristinsson KT, le Roux L, Gustafsson O, Craddock N, Möller HJ, McQuillin A, Muglia P, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Ophoff RA, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Pietiläinen OP, Peltonen L, Dempster E, Collier DA, St Clair D, Rasmussen HB, Glenthøj BY, Kiemeney LA, Franke B, Tosato S, Bonetto C, Saemundsen E, Hreidarsson SJ; GROUP Investigators, Nöthen MM, Gurling H, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Sigurdsson E, Petursson H, Stefansson H, Rujescu D, Stefansson K, Werge T
Am J Psychiatry 2011 Apr;168(4):408-17. Epub 2011 Feb 15 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111660. PMID: 21324950Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Zech M, Boesch S, Škorvánek M, Necpál J, Švantnerová J, Wagner M, Dincer Y, Sadr-Nabavi A, Serranová T, Rektorová I, Havránková P, Ganai S, Mosejová A, Příhodová I, Šarláková J, Kulcsarová K, Ulmanová O, Bechyně K, Ostrozovičová M, Haň V, Ventosa JR, Shariati M, Shoeibi A, Weber S, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C, Berutti R, Strom TM, Ceballos-Baumann A, Mall V, Haslinger B, Jech R, Winkelmann J
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021 Mar;84:129-134. Epub 2021 Feb 12 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.013. PMID: 33611074
Huang X, Chen J, Hu W, Li L, He H, Guo H, Liao Q, Ye M, Tang D, Dai Y
Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021 Mar;9(3):e1605. Epub 2021 Feb 4 doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1605. PMID: 33538077Free PMC Article
Chen CP, Lin HY, Wang LK, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Fran S, Chen YY, Town DD, Pan CW, Wang W
Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Jul;59(4):580-585. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.05.019. PMID: 32653133
Łaczmańska I, Stembalska A, Złocińska M, Kozłowska J, Skiba P, Pesz K, Ślęzak R, Śmigiel R, Jakubiak A, Misiak B, Sąsiadek MM
Adv Clin Exp Med 2020 Jan;29(1):101-106. doi: 10.17219/acem/112609. PMID: 31990460
Ingason A, Kirov G, Giegling I, Hansen T, Isles AR, Jakobsen KD, Kristinsson KT, le Roux L, Gustafsson O, Craddock N, Möller HJ, McQuillin A, Muglia P, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Ophoff RA, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Pietiläinen OP, Peltonen L, Dempster E, Collier DA, St Clair D, Rasmussen HB, Glenthøj BY, Kiemeney LA, Franke B, Tosato S, Bonetto C, Saemundsen E, Hreidarsson SJ; GROUP Investigators, Nöthen MM, Gurling H, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Sigurdsson E, Petursson H, Stefansson H, Rujescu D, Stefansson K, Werge T
Am J Psychiatry 2011 Apr;168(4):408-17. Epub 2011 Feb 15 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111660. PMID: 21324950Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Zech M, Boesch S, Škorvánek M, Necpál J, Švantnerová J, Wagner M, Dincer Y, Sadr-Nabavi A, Serranová T, Rektorová I, Havránková P, Ganai S, Mosejová A, Příhodová I, Šarláková J, Kulcsarová K, Ulmanová O, Bechyně K, Ostrozovičová M, Haň V, Ventosa JR, Shariati M, Shoeibi A, Weber S, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C, Berutti R, Strom TM, Ceballos-Baumann A, Mall V, Haslinger B, Jech R, Winkelmann J
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021 Mar;84:129-134. Epub 2021 Feb 12 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.013. PMID: 33611074

Clinical prediction guides

Zech M, Boesch S, Škorvánek M, Necpál J, Švantnerová J, Wagner M, Dincer Y, Sadr-Nabavi A, Serranová T, Rektorová I, Havránková P, Ganai S, Mosejová A, Příhodová I, Šarláková J, Kulcsarová K, Ulmanová O, Bechyně K, Ostrozovičová M, Haň V, Ventosa JR, Shariati M, Shoeibi A, Weber S, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C, Berutti R, Strom TM, Ceballos-Baumann A, Mall V, Haslinger B, Jech R, Winkelmann J
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021 Mar;84:129-134. Epub 2021 Feb 12 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.013. PMID: 33611074
Al Ageeli E, Drunat S, Delanoë C, Perrin L, Baumann C, Capri Y, Fabre-Teste J, Aboura A, Dupont C, Auvin S, El Khattabi L, Chantereau D, Moncla A, Tabet AC, Verloes A
Eur J Med Genet 2014 Jan;57(1):5-14. Epub 2013 Nov 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.10.008. PMID: 24239951
Ingason A, Kirov G, Giegling I, Hansen T, Isles AR, Jakobsen KD, Kristinsson KT, le Roux L, Gustafsson O, Craddock N, Möller HJ, McQuillin A, Muglia P, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Ophoff RA, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Pietiläinen OP, Peltonen L, Dempster E, Collier DA, St Clair D, Rasmussen HB, Glenthøj BY, Kiemeney LA, Franke B, Tosato S, Bonetto C, Saemundsen E, Hreidarsson SJ; GROUP Investigators, Nöthen MM, Gurling H, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Sigurdsson E, Petursson H, Stefansson H, Rujescu D, Stefansson K, Werge T
Am J Psychiatry 2011 Apr;168(4):408-17. Epub 2011 Feb 15 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111660. PMID: 21324950Free PMC Article

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