An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to bone.

Abnormally high level of calcium in the urine.

Nephrocalcinosis is the deposition of calcium salts in renal parenchyma.

The presence of calculi (stones) in the kidneys.

Functional anomaly of the kidney persisting for at least three months.

A reduction in the level of performance of the kidneys in areas of function comprising the concentration of urine, removal of wastes, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, homeostasis of blood pressure, and calcium metabolism.

Dysfunction of the proximal tubule, which is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle.

Excretion in urine of proteins of a size smaller than albumin (molecular weight 69 kD).

High urine phosphate in the presence of hypophosphatemia.

A bending or abnormal curvature of the tibia.

A bending or abnormal curvature of the fibula.

A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).

The repeated occurrence of bone fractures (implying an abnormally increased tendency for fracture).

Osteomalacia is a general term for bone weakness owing to a defect in mineralization of the protein framework known as osteoid. This defective mineralization is mainly caused by lack in vitamin D. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets.

Rickets is divided into two major categories including calcipenic and phosphopenic. Hypophosphatemia is described as a common manifestation of both categories. Hypophosphatemic rickets is the most common type of rickets that is characterized by low levels of serum phosphate, resistance to ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D intake. There are several issues involved in hypophosphatemic rickets such as calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus deficiencies. Moreover, other disorder can be associated with its occurrence such as absorption defects due to pancreatic, intestinal, gastric, and renal disorders and hepatobiliary disease. Symptoms are usually seen in childhood and can be varied in severity. Severe forms may be linked to bowing of the legs, poor bone growth, and short stature as well as joint and bone pain. Hypophosphatemic rickets are associated with renal excretion of phosphate, hypophosphatemia, and mineral defects in bones. The familial type of the disease is the most common type of rickets.

Rickets due to low serum phosphate concentrations, the cause of which can be nutritional or genetic. This condition is characterized by normal parathyroid hormone concentrations, usually caused by renal phosphate wasting occurring in isolation or as part of a renal tubular disorder, and characterized by resistance to treatment with ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D.

Abnormal thinning of the cortical region of bones.

A morphological abnormality of epiphyses whereby they are abnormally outwardly curving (protuberant).

Irregularity of the normally smooth surface of the metaphyses.

Bowing (abnormal curvature) of the femur.

A bending or abnormal curvature affecting a long bone of the leg.

An abnormally decreased phosphate concentration in the blood.

An increased concentration of calcitriol in the blood. Calcitriol is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.