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Langer-Giedion syndrome(TRPS2)

MedGen UID:
6009
Concept ID:
C0023003
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: CHROMOSOME 8q24.1 DELETION SYNDROME; Deletion 8q24.1; Monosomy 8q24.1; Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 2; Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II; TRPS 2; TRPS2
SNOMED CT: Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome II (41069008); TRPS II - Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome II (41069008); Langer-Giedion syndrome (41069008); Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome with exostosis (41069008)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0007874
OMIM®: 150230
Orphanet: ORPHA502

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) comprises TRPS I (caused by a heterozygous pathogenic variant in TRPS1) and TRPS II (caused by a contiguous gene deletion of TRPS1, RAD21, and EXT1). Both TRPS types are characterized by distinctive facial features (large nose with broad nasal ridge and tip and underdeveloped alae; thick and broad medial eyebrows; long philtrum; thin vermilion of the upper lip; and large prominent ears); ectodermal features (fine, sparse, depigmented, and slow-growing hair and dystrophic nails); and skeletal findings (short stature, brachydactyly with ulnar or radial deviation of the fingers, short feet, and early, marked hip dysplasia). TRPS II is additionally characterized by multiple osteochondromas and an increased risk of mild-to-moderate intellectual disability. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Beyhan Tüysüz  |  Nilay Güneş  |  Dilek Uludağ Alkaya   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS2), or Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS), is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome characterized by cone-shaped epiphyses, multiple cartilaginous exostoses, and facial dysmorphism including bulbous nose, elongated upper lip with flat philtrum, and large protruding ears. Scalp hair is usually sparse, with thin and brittle hair shafts. Intellectual development is mildly to moderately impaired. Seizures have occasionally been reported. Other skeletal or orthopedic, urogenital, and endocrine anomalies may be present (summary by Schinzel et al., 2013).  http://www.omim.org/entry/150230
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II) is a condition that causes bone and joint malformations; distinctive facial features; intellectual disability; and abnormalities of the skin, hair, teeth, sweat glands, and nails. The name of the condition describes some of the areas of the body that are commonly affected: hair (tricho-), nose (rhino-), and fingers and toes (phalangeal).

People with this condition have multiple noncancerous (benign) bone tumors called osteochondromas. Affected individuals may develop a few to several hundred osteochondromas. These bone growths typically begin in infancy to early childhood and stop forming around adolescence. Depending on the location of the osteochondromas, they can cause pain, limited range of joint movement, or damage to blood vessels or the spinal cord. Individuals with TRPS II may have reduced bone mineral density (osteopenia). Affected individuals often have slow growth before and after birth resulting in short stature. In TRPS II, the ends (epiphyses) of one or more bones in the fingers or toes are abnormally cone-shaped. Additionally, the fingernails and toenails are typically thin and abnormally formed.

Children with TRPS II often have an unusually large range of joint movement (hypermobility). However, as osteochondromas begin to develop, typically starting between infancy and mid-childhood, the joints begin to stiffen, leading to decreased mobility. Individuals with TRPS II may also have a misalignment of the hip joints (hip dysplasia), which often develops in early adulthood but can occur in infancy or childhood.

The characteristic appearance of individuals with TRPS II involves thick eyebrows; a broad nose with a rounded tip; a long, smooth area between the nose and the upper lip (philtrum); a thin upper lip; and small teeth that are either decreased (oligodontia) or increased (supernumerary) in number. Almost all affected individuals have sparse scalp hair. Males are particularly affected by hair loss, with many being nearly or completely bald soon after puberty. Some children with this condition have loose skin, but the skin becomes tighter over time. Individuals with TRPS II may experience excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).

Most individuals with TRPS II have mild intellectual disability.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/trichorhinophalangeal-syndrome-type-ii

Clinical features

From HPO
Arthralgia
MedGen UID:
13917
Concept ID:
C0003862
Sign or Symptom
Joint pain.
Vesicoureteral reflux
MedGen UID:
21852
Concept ID:
C0042580
Disease or Syndrome
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is characterized by the reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureters and sometimes into the kidneys. It is a risk factor for urinary tract infections. Primary VUR results from a developmental defect of the ureterovesical junction (UVJ). In combination with intrarenal reflux, the resulting inflammatory reaction may result in renal injury or scarring, also called reflux nephropathy (RN). Extensive renal scarring impairs renal function and may predispose patients to hypertension, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency (summary by Lu et al., 2007). Genetic Heterogeneity of Vesicoureteral Reflux A locus designated VUR1 maps to chromosome 1p13. VUR2 (610878) is caused by mutation in the ROBO2 gene (602431) on chromosome 3p12; VUR3 (613674) is caused by mutation in the SOX17 gene (610928) on chromosome 8q11; VUR4 (614317) maps to chromosome 5; VUR5 (614318) maps to chromosome 13; VUR6 (614319) maps to chromosome 18; VUR7 (615390) maps to chromosome 12; and VUR8 (615963) is caused by mutation in the TNXB gene (600985) on chromosome 6p21. A possible X-linked form has been reported (VURX; 314550).
Hydrometrocolpos
MedGen UID:
82843
Concept ID:
C0269209
Disease or Syndrome
Hydrometrocolpos is an accumulation of uterine and vaginal secretions as well as menstrual blood in the uterus and vagina.
Bilateral cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
96568
Concept ID:
C0431663
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of both testes from the scrotum owing to failure of the testis or testes to descend through the inguinal canal to the scrotum.
Syndactyly
MedGen UID:
52619
Concept ID:
C0039075
Congenital Abnormality
Webbing or fusion of the fingers or toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the fingers or toes in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "symphalangism".
Coxa valga
MedGen UID:
116080
Concept ID:
C0239137
Finding
Coxa valga is a deformity of the hip in which the angle between the femoral shaft and the femoral neck is increased compared to age-adjusted values (about 150 degrees in newborns gradually reducing to 120-130 degrees in adults).
Scapular winging
MedGen UID:
66822
Concept ID:
C0240953
Anatomical Abnormality
Abnormal protrusion of the scapula away from the surface of the back.
Single transverse palmar crease
MedGen UID:
96108
Concept ID:
C0424731
Finding
The distal and proximal transverse palmar creases are merged into a single transverse palmar crease.
Hip subluxation
MedGen UID:
140946
Concept ID:
C0434785
Injury or Poisoning
A partial dislocation of the hip joint, whereby the head of the femur is partially displaced from the socket.
Short metacarpal
MedGen UID:
323064
Concept ID:
C1837084
Anatomical Abnormality
Diminished length of one or more metacarpal bones in relation to the others of the same hand or to the contralateral metacarpal.
Clinodactyly of the 5th finger
MedGen UID:
340456
Concept ID:
C1850049
Congenital Abnormality
Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).
2-4 toe syndactyly
MedGen UID:
866879
Concept ID:
C4021234
Congenital Abnormality
Syndactyly with fusion of toes two to four.
Myocardial infarction
MedGen UID:
10150
Concept ID:
C0027051
Disease or Syndrome
Necrosis of the myocardium caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart and often associated with chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and anxiety as well as characteristic EKG findings and elevation of serum markers including creatine kinase-MB fraction and troponin.
Bicuspid aortic valve
MedGen UID:
57436
Concept ID:
C0149630
Congenital Abnormality
Aortic valve disease-2 (AOVD2) is characterized by bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and dilation of the ascending aorta. Calcification of the valve and the aorta has been observed, and some patients exhibit coarctation of the aorta (Tan et al., 2012; Luyckx et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of aortic valve disease, see AOVD1 (109730).
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
MedGen UID:
450995
Concept ID:
C0158634
Congenital Abnormality
A form of anomalous pulmonary venous return in which not all pulmonary veins drain abnormally. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return frequently involves one or both of the veins from one lung.
Right ventricular hypertrophy
MedGen UID:
57981
Concept ID:
C0162770
Disease or Syndrome
In this case the right ventricle is more muscular than normal, causing a characteristic boot-shaped (coeur-en-sabot) appearance as seen on anterior- posterior chest x-rays. Right ventricular hypertrophy is commonly associated with any form of right ventricular outflow obstruction or pulmonary hypertension, which may in turn owe its origin to left-sided disease. The echocardiographic signs are thickening of the anterior right ventricular wall and the septum. Cavity size is usually normal, or slightly enlarged. In many cases there is associated volume overload present due to tricuspid regurgitation, in the absence of this, septal motion is normal.
Internal carotid artery dissection
MedGen UID:
199743
Concept ID:
C0751815
Disease or Syndrome
A separation (dissection) of the layers of the internal carotid artery wall.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
MedGen UID:
214590
Concept ID:
C0917804
Congenital Abnormality
Arteriovenous malformations of the brain are tortuous, morphologically abnormal vascular channels between arteries and veins that lack an intervening capillary network, allowing high-pressure arterial blood from feeding arteries to shunt directly into the venous outflow system. These vascular malformations occur in approximately 15 per 100,000 persons and are a leading cause of hemorrhagic stroke in young adults and children (summary by Nikolaev et al., 2018).
Growth delay
MedGen UID:
99124
Concept ID:
C0456070
Pathologic Function
A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.
Mild postnatal growth retardation
MedGen UID:
320640
Concept ID:
C1835580
Finding
A mild degree of slow or limited growth after birth, being between two and three standard deviations below age- and sex-related norms.
Vomiting
MedGen UID:
12124
Concept ID:
C0042963
Sign or Symptom
Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions.
Chronic gastritis
MedGen UID:
39089
Concept ID:
C0085695
Disease or Syndrome
A chronic form of gastritis.
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
Concept ID:
C4317146
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Macrotia
MedGen UID:
488785
Concept ID:
C0152421
Congenital Abnormality
Median longitudinal ear length greater than two standard deviations above the mean and median ear width greater than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparent increase in length and width of the pinna (subjective).
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
235586
Concept ID:
C1384666
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.
Protruding ear
MedGen UID:
343309
Concept ID:
C1855285
Finding
Angle formed by the plane of the ear and the mastoid bone greater than the 97th centile for age (objective); or, outer edge of the helix more than 2 cm from the mastoid at the point of maximum distance (objective).
Febrile seizure (within the age range of 3 months to 6 years)
MedGen UID:
3232
Concept ID:
C0009952
Disease or Syndrome
A febrile seizure is any type of seizure (most often a generalized tonic-clonic seizure) occurring with fever (at least 38 degrees Celsius) but in the absence of central nervous system infection, severe metabolic disturbance or other alternative precipitant in children between the ages of 3 months and 6 years.
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Hemiparesis
MedGen UID:
6783
Concept ID:
C0018989
Finding
Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Motor delay
MedGen UID:
381392
Concept ID:
C1854301
Finding
A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Inguinal hernia
MedGen UID:
6817
Concept ID:
C0019294
Finding
Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Osteochondroma
MedGen UID:
10496
Concept ID:
C0029423
Anatomical Abnormality
A cartilage capped bony outgrowth of a long bone. Osteochondroma arises on the external surface of bone containing a marrow cavity that is continuous with that of the underlying bone.
Osteoma
MedGen UID:
18220
Concept ID:
C0029440
Neoplastic Process
Osteomas are bony growths found most commonly on the skull and mandible; however, they may occur in any bone of the body. Osteomas do not usually cause clinical problems and do not become malignant.
Osteopenia
MedGen UID:
18222
Concept ID:
C0029453
Disease or Syndrome
Osteopenia is a term to define bone density that is not normal but also not as low as osteoporosis. By definition from the World Health Organization osteopenia is defined by bone densitometry as a T score -1 to -2.5.
Scoliosis
MedGen UID:
11348
Concept ID:
C0036439
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Plagiocephaly
MedGen UID:
78562
Concept ID:
C0265529
Congenital Abnormality
Asymmetric head shape, which is usually a combination of unilateral occipital flattening with ipsilateral frontal prominence, leading to rhomboid cranial shape.
Skull asymmetry
MedGen UID:
140861
Concept ID:
C0424690
Finding
Thoracolumbar scoliosis
MedGen UID:
196671
Concept ID:
C0749379
Anatomical Abnormality
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
MedGen UID:
730669
Concept ID:
C1442965
Disease or Syndrome
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) is characterized by loss of circulation to the femoral head, resulting in avascular necrosis in a growing child. Clinical pictures of the disease vary, depending on the phase of disease progression through ischemia, revascularization, fracture and collapse, and repair and remodeling of the bone. The disease occurs more frequently in boys, and most patients tend to be shorter than their peers. Both familial and isolated cases of LCPD have been reported (summary by Chen et al., 2004).
Rib exostoses
MedGen UID:
322689
Concept ID:
C1835579
Finding
Multiple circumscribed bony excrescences located in the ribs.
Multiple long-bone exostoses
MedGen UID:
332012
Concept ID:
C1835583
Finding
Multiple exostoses originating in long bones.
Joint hypermobility
MedGen UID:
336793
Concept ID:
C1844820
Finding
The capability that a joint (or a group of joints) has to move, passively and/or actively, beyond normal limits along physiological axes.
Scapular exostoses
MedGen UID:
377019
Concept ID:
C1851415
Neoplastic Process
The presence of multiple exostoses on the scapula. An exostosis is a benign growth the projects outward from the bone surface. It is capped by cartilage.
Cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges of the hand
MedGen UID:
347156
Concept ID:
C1859480
Finding
A cone-shaped appearance of the epiphyses of the fingers of the hand, producing a 'ball-in-a-socket' appearance. The related entity 'angel-shaped' epiphysis refers to a pronounced cone-shaped epiphysis in combination with a pseudoepiphysis at the distal end of a phalanx.
Pectus excavatum
MedGen UID:
781174
Concept ID:
C2051831
Finding
A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance.
Hyperplasia of the maxilla
MedGen UID:
892487
Concept ID:
C2227090
Finding
Abnormally increased dimension of the maxilla, especially relative to the mandible, resulting in a malocclusion or malalignment between the upper and lower teeth or in anterior positioning of the nasal base, increased convexity of the face, increased nasolabial angle, or increased width (transverse dimension of the maxilla.
Lumbar scoliosis
MedGen UID:
412568
Concept ID:
C2748518
Finding
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections
MedGen UID:
154380
Concept ID:
C0581381
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections as manifested by a history of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (running ears - otitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis).
Recurrent pneumonia
MedGen UID:
195802
Concept ID:
C0694550
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to pneumonia as manifested by a history of recurrent episodes of pneumonia.
Recurrent respiratory infections
MedGen UID:
812812
Concept ID:
C3806482
Finding
An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections as manifested by a history of recurrent respiratory infections.
Recurrent otitis media
MedGen UID:
155436
Concept ID:
C0747085
Disease or Syndrome
Increased susceptibility to otitis media, as manifested by recurrent episodes of otitis media.
Carious teeth
MedGen UID:
8288
Concept ID:
C0011334
Disease or Syndrome
Caries is a multifactorial bacterial infection affecting the structure of the tooth. This term has been used to describe the presence of more than expected dental caries.
Bulbous nose
MedGen UID:
66013
Concept ID:
C0240543
Finding
Increased volume and globular shape of the anteroinferior aspect of the nose.
Mandibular prognathia
MedGen UID:
98316
Concept ID:
C0399526
Finding
Abnormal prominence of the chin related to increased length of the mandible.
Prominent nose
MedGen UID:
98423
Concept ID:
C0426415
Finding
Distance between subnasale and pronasale more than two standard deviations above the mean, or alternatively, an apparently increased anterior protrusion of the nasal tip.
Alopecia of scalp
MedGen UID:
658454
Concept ID:
C0574769
Finding
Facial asymmetry
MedGen UID:
266298
Concept ID:
C1306710
Finding
An abnormal difference between the left and right sides of the face.
Deep philtrum
MedGen UID:
374311
Concept ID:
C1839797
Finding
Accentuated, prominent philtral ridges giving rise to an exaggerated groove in the midline between the nasal base and upper vermillion border.
Wide nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
341441
Concept ID:
C1849367
Finding
Increased breadth of the nasal bridge (and with it, the nasal root).
Thick eyebrow
MedGen UID:
377914
Concept ID:
C1853487
Finding
Increased density/number and/or increased diameter of eyebrow hairs.
Sparse scalp hair
MedGen UID:
346499
Concept ID:
C1857042
Finding
Decreased number of hairs per unit area of skin of the scalp.
Thin upper lip vermilion
MedGen UID:
355352
Concept ID:
C1865017
Finding
Height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the midline more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the frontal view (subjective).
Prominent palatine ridges
MedGen UID:
866944
Concept ID:
C4021300
Finding
Increased size and/or number of soft tissue folds on the palatal side of the maxillary alveolar ridge.
Cutis laxa
MedGen UID:
8206
Concept ID:
C0010495
Disease or Syndrome
Wrinkled, redundant, inelastic and sagging skin.
Hyperhidrosis
MedGen UID:
5690
Concept ID:
C0020458
Finding
Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather.
Hypohidrosis
MedGen UID:
43796
Concept ID:
C0020620
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormally diminished capacity to sweat.
Nevus
MedGen UID:
45074
Concept ID:
C0027960
Neoplastic Process
A nevus is a type of hamartoma that is a circumscribed stable malformation of the skin.
Dry skin
MedGen UID:
56250
Concept ID:
C0151908
Sign or Symptom
Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.
Redundant skin in infancy
MedGen UID:
322692
Concept ID:
C1835587
Finding
Fragile nails
MedGen UID:
341661
Concept ID:
C1856963
Finding
Nails that easily break.
Sparse hair
MedGen UID:
1790211
Concept ID:
C5551005
Finding
Reduced density of hairs.
Gynecomastia
MedGen UID:
6694
Concept ID:
C0018418
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormal development of large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement.
Astigmatism
MedGen UID:
2473
Concept ID:
C0004106
Disease or Syndrome
Astigmatism (from the Greek 'a' meaning absence and 'stigma' meaning point) is a condition in which the parallel rays of light entering the eye through the refractive media are not focused on a single point. Both corneal and noncorneal factors contribute to refractive astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is mainly the result of an aspheric anterior surface of the cornea, which can be measured readily by means of a keratometer; in a small fraction of cases (approximately 1 in 10) the effect is neutralized by the back surface. The curvature of the back surface of the cornea is not considered in most studies, because it is more difficult to measure; moreover, in the case of severe corneal astigmatism, there is evidence that both surfaces have the same configuration. Noncorneal factors are errors in the curvature of the 2 surfaces of the crystalline lens, irregularity in the refractive index of the lens, and an eccentric lens position. Since the cornea is the dominant component of the eye's refracting system, a highly astigmatic cornea is likely to result in a similarly astigmatic ocular refraction (summary by Clementi et al., 1998).
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
Concept ID:
C0005745
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).
Exotropia
MedGen UID:
4613
Concept ID:
C0015310
Disease or Syndrome
A form of strabismus with one or both eyes deviated outward.
Miosis
MedGen UID:
6409
Concept ID:
C0026205
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormal (non-physiological) constriction of the pupil.
Myopia
MedGen UID:
44558
Concept ID:
C0027092
Disease or Syndrome
Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.\n\nNearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.\n\nFor normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.\n\nNearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.\n\nEye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.
Deeply set eye
MedGen UID:
473112
Concept ID:
C0423224
Finding
An eye that is more deeply recessed into the plane of the face than is typical.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVLanger-Giedion syndrome
Follow this link to review classifications for Langer-Giedion syndrome in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Li C, Zhang J, Li J, Qiao G, Zhan Y, Xu Y, Yang H
Mol Diagn Ther 2021 May;25(3):339-349. Epub 2021 Apr 7 doi: 10.1007/s40291-021-00522-w. PMID: 33826125
Maas SM, Shaw AC, Bikker H, Lüdecke HJ, van der Tuin K, Badura-Stronka M, Belligni E, Biamino E, Bonati MT, Carvalho DR, Cobben J, de Man SA, Den Hollander NS, Di Donato N, Garavelli L, Grønborg S, Herkert JC, Hoogeboom AJ, Jamsheer A, Latos-Bielenska A, Maat-Kievit A, Magnani C, Marcelis C, Mathijssen IB, Nielsen M, Otten E, Ousager LB, Pilch J, Plomp A, Poke G, Poluha A, Posmyk R, Rieubland C, Silengo M, Simon M, Steichen E, Stumpel C, Szakszon K, Polonkai E, van den Ende J, van der Steen A, van Essen T, van Haeringen A, van Hagen JM, Verheij JB, Mannens MM, Hennekam RC
Eur J Med Genet 2015 May;58(5):279-92. Epub 2015 Mar 16 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.03.002. PMID: 25792522

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Scott TG, Sathyan KM, Gioeli D, Guertin MJ
PLoS Genet 2024 Feb;20(2):e1011159. Epub 2024 Feb 20 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011159. PMID: 38377146Free PMC Article
Tsang WK, Yang KW, Fong CM
Skeletal Radiol 2014 Feb;43(2):251-5. Epub 2013 Sep 27 doi: 10.1007/s00256-013-1726-0. PMID: 24072254
Schinzel A, Riegel M, Baumer A, Superti-Furga A, Moreira LM, Santo LD, Schiper PP, Carvalho JH, Giedion A
Am J Med Genet A 2013 Sep;161A(9):2216-25. Epub 2013 Aug 2 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36062. PMID: 23913778
Chan-Kai BT, Yen MT
Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2006 Jan-Feb;22(1):59-60. doi: 10.1097/01.iop.0000194987.39325.49. PMID: 16418671
Sinzig M, Scheer J, Willi UV
Pediatr Radiol 1999 Mar;29(3):218-20. doi: 10.1007/s002470050575. PMID: 10201043

Diagnosis

Vargas Lebrón C, Ruiz Montesino MD, Moreira Navarrete V, Aróstegui Gorospe JI
Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed) 2020 Nov-Dec;16(6):499-501. Epub 2018 Dec 3 doi: 10.1016/j.reuma.2018.08.015. PMID: 30522940
Cappuccio G, Genesio R, Ronga V, Casertano A, Izzo A, Riccio MP, Bravaccio C, Salerno MC, Nitsch L, Andria G, Melis D
Am J Med Genet A 2014 Mar;164A(3):753-9. Epub 2013 Dec 19 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36326. PMID: 24357330
Durmus O, Cakar E, Ata E, Dincer U, Kiralp MZ
Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2014 Jan;93(1):92-3. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182644034. PMID: 22854906
Bennàssar A, Ferrando J, Grimalt R
World J Pediatr 2011 May;7(2):111-7. Epub 2011 May 15 doi: 10.1007/s12519-011-0262-z. PMID: 21574026
Hall BD, Langer LO, Giedion A, Smith DW, Cohen MM Jr, Beals RK, Brandner M
Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1974;10(12):147-64. PMID: 4549298

Therapy

Lei M, Liang D, Yang Y, Mitsuhashi S, Katoh K, Miyake N, Frith MC, Wu L, Matsumoto N
J Hum Genet 2020 Aug;65(8):667-674. Epub 2020 Apr 15 doi: 10.1038/s10038-020-0754-6. PMID: 32296131Free PMC Article
Levy-Shraga Y, Modan-Moses D, Wientroub S, Ovadia D, Zeitlin L
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Apr;63(4):103830. Epub 2019 Dec 26 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103830. PMID: 31884116
Macchiaiolo M, Mennini M, Digilio MC, Buonuomo PS, Lepri FR, Gnazzo M, Grandin A, Angioni A, Bartuli A
Am J Med Genet A 2014 Mar;164A(3):760-3. Epub 2013 Dec 19 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36327. PMID: 24357341
Durmus O, Cakar E, Ata E, Dincer U, Kiralp MZ
Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2014 Jan;93(1):92-3. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182644034. PMID: 22854906
Iughetti L, Vannelli S, Street ME, Pirazzoli P, Bertelloni S, Radetti G, Capone L, Stasiowska B, Mazzanti L, Gastaldi R, Maggio MC, Predieri B
Horm Res Paediatr 2012;78(5-6):279-87. Epub 2012 Nov 28 doi: 10.1159/000345354. PMID: 23208451

Prognosis

Kunotai W, Ananpornruedee P, Lubinsky M, Pruksametanan A, Kantaputra PN
Am J Med Genet A 2017 Jan;173(1):99-107. Epub 2016 Oct 5 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37967. PMID: 27706911
Schinzel A, Riegel M, Baumer A, Superti-Furga A, Moreira LM, Santo LD, Schiper PP, Carvalho JH, Giedion A
Am J Med Genet A 2013 Sep;161A(9):2216-25. Epub 2013 Aug 2 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36062. PMID: 23913778
Sinzig M, Scheer J, Willi UV
Pediatr Radiol 1999 Mar;29(3):218-20. doi: 10.1007/s002470050575. PMID: 10201043
Hennekam RC
J Med Genet 1991 Apr;28(4):262-6. doi: 10.1136/jmg.28.4.262. PMID: 1856833Free PMC Article
Wilson WG, Herrington RT, Aylsworth AS
Pediatrics 1979 Oct;64(4):542-5. PMID: 315049

Clinical prediction guides

Levy-Shraga Y, Modan-Moses D, Wientroub S, Ovadia D, Zeitlin L
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Apr;63(4):103830. Epub 2019 Dec 26 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103830. PMID: 31884116
Kunotai W, Ananpornruedee P, Lubinsky M, Pruksametanan A, Kantaputra PN
Am J Med Genet A 2017 Jan;173(1):99-107. Epub 2016 Oct 5 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37967. PMID: 27706911
Schinzel A, Riegel M, Baumer A, Superti-Furga A, Moreira LM, Santo LD, Schiper PP, Carvalho JH, Giedion A
Am J Med Genet A 2013 Sep;161A(9):2216-25. Epub 2013 Aug 2 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36062. PMID: 23913778
Bridge JA, Bhatia PS, Anderson JR, Neff JR
Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1993 Sep;69(2):79-90. doi: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90080-6. PMID: 8402563
Fennell SJ, Benson JW, Kindley AD, Schwarz MJ, Czepulkowski B
J Med Genet 1989 Mar;26(3):167-71. doi: 10.1136/jmg.26.3.167. PMID: 2651669Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Ellison E, Grampp SJ, Ellison S, Seeley A, Seeley M
J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2024 Aug 1;8(8) Epub 2024 Aug 19 doi: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00010. PMID: 39162698Free PMC Article

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