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Autosomal dominant intellectual disability-craniofacial anomalies-cardiac defects syndrome(ARTHS)

MedGen UID:
903767
Concept ID:
C4225396
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Arboleda-Tham syndrome; ARTHS; KAT6A syndrome; Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 32
SNOMED CT: Autosomal dominant intellectual disability, craniofacial anomalies, cardiac defects syndrome (1255319004); Arboleda Tham syndrome (1255319004)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Gene (location): KAT6A (8p11.21)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014558
OMIM®: 616268
Orphanet: ORPHA457193

Definition

Arboleda-Tham syndrome (ARTHS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with the core features of impaired intellectual development, speech delay, microcephaly, cardiac anomalies, and gastrointestinal complications (summary by Kennedy et al., 2019). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Hydronephrosis
MedGen UID:
42531
Concept ID:
C0020295
Disease or Syndrome
Severe distention of the kidney with dilation of the renal pelvis and calices.
Recurrent urinary tract infections
MedGen UID:
120466
Concept ID:
C0262655
Disease or Syndrome
Repeated infections of the urinary tract.
Bilateral cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
96568
Concept ID:
C0431663
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of both testes from the scrotum owing to failure of the testis or testes to descend through the inguinal canal to the scrotum.
Pes planus
MedGen UID:
42034
Concept ID:
C0016202
Anatomical Abnormality
A foot where the longitudinal arch of the foot is in contact with the ground or floor when the individual is standing; or, in a patient lying supine, a foot where the arch is in contact with the surface of a flat board pressed against the sole of the foot by the examiner with a pressure similar to that expected from weight bearing; or, the height of the arch is reduced.
Brachydactyly
MedGen UID:
67454
Concept ID:
C0221357
Congenital Abnormality
Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.
Genu varum
MedGen UID:
154257
Concept ID:
C0544755
Finding
A positional abnormality marked by outward bowing of the legs in which the knees stay wide apart when a person stands with the feet and ankles together.
Genu valgum
MedGen UID:
154364
Concept ID:
C0576093
Anatomical Abnormality
The legs angle inward, such that the knees are close together and the ankles far apart.
Hammertoe
MedGen UID:
209712
Concept ID:
C1136179
Anatomical Abnormality
Hyperextension of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint with hyperflexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint.
Sandal gap
MedGen UID:
374376
Concept ID:
C1840069
Finding
A widely spaced gap between the first toe (the great toe) and the second toe.
Lower limb hypertonia
MedGen UID:
375612
Concept ID:
C1845245
Finding
Enlarged proximal interphalangeal joints
MedGen UID:
348334
Concept ID:
C1861350
Finding
Short hallux
MedGen UID:
400890
Concept ID:
C1865992
Finding
Underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the big toe.
Deviation of the hallux
MedGen UID:
866987
Concept ID:
C4021344
Anatomical Abnormality
Displacement of the big toe from its normal position.
3-4 finger cutaneous syndactyly
MedGen UID:
868712
Concept ID:
C4023115
Congenital Abnormality
A soft tissue continuity in the A/P axis between fingers 3 and 4.
Patent ductus arteriosus
MedGen UID:
4415
Concept ID:
C0013274
Congenital Abnormality
In utero, the ductus arteriosus (DA) serves to divert ventricular output away from the lungs and toward the placenta by connecting the main pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the first 3 days of life is a physiologic shunt in healthy term and preterm newborn infants, and normally is substantially closed within about 24 hours after bith and completely closed after about three weeks. Failure of physiologcal closure is referred to a persistent or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Depending on the degree of left-to-right shunting, PDA can have clinical consequences.
Atrial septal defect
MedGen UID:
6753
Concept ID:
C0018817
Congenital Abnormality
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum.
Ventricular septal defect
MedGen UID:
42366
Concept ID:
C0018818
Congenital Abnormality
A hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the most superior aspect of the ventricular septum.
Atrial septal defect, ostium secundum type
MedGen UID:
91034
Concept ID:
C0344724
Congenital Abnormality
A kind of atrial septum defect arising from an enlarged foramen ovale, inadequate growth of the septum secundum, or excessive absorption of the septum primum.
Pulmonic stenosis
MedGen UID:
408291
Concept ID:
C1956257
Disease or Syndrome
A narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract that can occur at the pulmonary valve (valvular stenosis), below the pulmonary valve (infundibular stenosis), or above the pulmonary valve (supravalvar stenosis).
Fetal growth restriction
MedGen UID:
4693
Concept ID:
C0015934
Pathologic Function
An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Lower limb asymmetry
MedGen UID:
44089
Concept ID:
C0023221
Finding
A difference in length or diameter between the left and right leg.
Growth delay
MedGen UID:
99124
Concept ID:
C0456070
Pathologic Function
A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.
Dysphagia
MedGen UID:
41440
Concept ID:
C0011168
Disease or Syndrome
Difficulty in swallowing.
Intestinal malrotation
MedGen UID:
113153
Concept ID:
C0221210
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality of the intestinal rotation and fixation that normally occurs during the development of the gut. This can lead to volvulus, or twisting of the intestine that causes obstruction and necrosis.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Prominent umbilicus
MedGen UID:
324875
Concept ID:
C1837795
Finding
Abnormally prominent umbilicus (belly button).
Protuberant abdomen
MedGen UID:
340750
Concept ID:
C1854928
Finding
A thrusting or bulging out of the abdomen.
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
Concept ID:
C4317146
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Posteriorly rotated ears
MedGen UID:
96566
Concept ID:
C0431478
Congenital Abnormality
A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).
Small earlobe
MedGen UID:
334587
Concept ID:
C1842680
Finding
Reduced volume of the earlobe.
Prominent antihelix
MedGen UID:
335147
Concept ID:
C1845272
Finding
The presence of an abnormally prominent antihelix.
Anteverted ears
MedGen UID:
384047
Concept ID:
C1857055
Finding
Prominent antitragus
MedGen UID:
369349
Concept ID:
C1968811
Finding
Increased anterosuperior prominence of the area between the bottom of the incisura and the inner margin of the antihelix.
Underdeveloped tragus
MedGen UID:
861866
Concept ID:
C4013429
Anatomical Abnormality
Decreased posterolateral protrusion of the tragus.
Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
Concept ID:
C0013421
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Sleep abnormality
MedGen UID:
52372
Concept ID:
C0037317
Finding
An abnormal pattern in the quality, quantity, or characteristics of sleep.
Motor stereotypies
MedGen UID:
21318
Concept ID:
C0038271
Individual Behavior
Use of the same abnormal action in response to certain triggers or at random. They may be used as a way to regulate one's internal state but must otherwise have no apparent functional purpose.
Delayed ability to walk
MedGen UID:
66034
Concept ID:
C0241726
Finding
A failure to achieve the ability to walk at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children learn to walk in a series of stages, and learn to walk short distances independently between 12 and 15 months.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Autistic behavior
MedGen UID:
163547
Concept ID:
C0856975
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior.
Insomnia
MedGen UID:
214589
Concept ID:
C0917801
Sign or Symptom
Persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.
Gait imbalance
MedGen UID:
373028
Concept ID:
C1836150
Finding
Absent speech
MedGen UID:
340737
Concept ID:
C1854882
Finding
Complete lack of development of speech and language abilities.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Delayed ability to sit
MedGen UID:
1368737
Concept ID:
C4476710
Finding
A failure to achieve the ability to sit at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children sit with support at 6 months of age and sit steadily without support at 9 months of age.
Craniosynostosis syndrome
MedGen UID:
1163
Concept ID:
C0010278
Disease or Syndrome
Craniosynostosis refers to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. Primary craniosynostosis refers to the closure of one or more sutures due to abnormalities in skull development, and secondary craniosynostosis results from failure of brain growth.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Frontal bossing
MedGen UID:
67453
Concept ID:
C0221354
Congenital Abnormality
Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.
Plagiocephaly
MedGen UID:
78562
Concept ID:
C0265529
Congenital Abnormality
Asymmetric head shape, which is usually a combination of unilateral occipital flattening with ipsilateral frontal prominence, leading to rhomboid cranial shape.
Narrow chest
MedGen UID:
96528
Concept ID:
C0426790
Finding
Reduced width of the chest from side to side, associated with a reduced distance from the sternal notch to the tip of the shoulder.
Long thorax
MedGen UID:
108393
Concept ID:
C0575484
Finding
Increased inferior to superior extent of the thorax.
Microretrognathia
MedGen UID:
326907
Concept ID:
C1839546
Finding
A form of developmental hypoplasia of the mandible in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Axial hypotonia
MedGen UID:
342959
Concept ID:
C1853743
Finding
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Pectus excavatum
MedGen UID:
781174
Concept ID:
C2051831
Finding
A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance.
Neonatal hypotonia
MedGen UID:
412209
Concept ID:
C2267233
Disease or Syndrome
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) manifesting in the neonatal period.
Primary microcephaly
MedGen UID:
383046
Concept ID:
C2677180
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender at birth.
Upper limb amyotrophy
MedGen UID:
867165
Concept ID:
C4021523
Disease or Syndrome
Muscular atrophy involving the muscles of the upper limbs.
Lower limb amyotrophy
MedGen UID:
870475
Concept ID:
C4024921
Finding
Muscular atrophy affecting the lower limb.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Bronchomalacia
MedGen UID:
82679
Concept ID:
C0264353
Disease or Syndrome
Weakness or softness of the cartilage in the walls of the bronchial tubes.
Respiratory distress
MedGen UID:
96907
Concept ID:
C0476273
Sign or Symptom
Respiratory distress is objectively observable as the physical or emotional consequences from the experience of dyspnea. The physical presentation of respiratory distress is generally referred to as labored breathing, while the sensation of respiratory distress is called shortness of breath or dyspnea.
Recurrent respiratory infections
MedGen UID:
812812
Concept ID:
C3806482
Finding
An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections as manifested by a history of recurrent respiratory infections.
Neonatal respiratory distress
MedGen UID:
924182
Concept ID:
C4281993
Finding
Respiratory difficulty as newborn.
Conjunctivitis
MedGen UID:
1093
Concept ID:
C0009763
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Chronic otitis media
MedGen UID:
75751
Concept ID:
C0271441
Disease or Syndrome
Chronic otitis media refers to fluid, swelling, or infection of the middle ear that does not heal and may cause permanent damage to the ear.
Recurrent otitis media
MedGen UID:
155436
Concept ID:
C0747085
Disease or Syndrome
Increased susceptibility to otitis media, as manifested by recurrent episodes of otitis media.
Recurrent aspiration pneumonia
MedGen UID:
152887
Concept ID:
C0747651
Disease or Syndrome
Increased susceptibility to aspiration pneumonia, defined as pneumonia due to breathing in foreign material, as manifested by a medical history of repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia.
Wide mouth
MedGen UID:
44238
Concept ID:
C0024433
Congenital Abnormality
Distance between the oral commissures more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased width of the oral aperture (subjective).
Narrow mouth
MedGen UID:
44435
Concept ID:
C0026034
Congenital Abnormality
Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).
Webbed neck
MedGen UID:
113154
Concept ID:
C0221217
Congenital Abnormality
Pterygium colli is a congenital skin fold that runs along the sides of the neck down to the shoulders. It involves an ectopic fibrotic facial band superficial to the trapezius muscle. Excess hair-bearing skin is also present and extends down the cervical region well beyond the normal hairline.
Lacrimal duct stenosis
MedGen UID:
116054
Concept ID:
C0238300
Finding
Narrowing of a tear duct (lacrimal duct).
Mandibular prognathia
MedGen UID:
98316
Concept ID:
C0399526
Finding
Abnormal prominence of the chin related to increased length of the mandible.
Bifid nasal tip
MedGen UID:
140870
Concept ID:
C0426428
Finding
A splitting of the nasal tip. Visually assessable vertical indentation, cleft, or depression of the nasal tip.
Broad nasal tip
MedGen UID:
98424
Concept ID:
C0426429
Finding
Increase in width of the nasal tip.
Epicanthus
MedGen UID:
151862
Concept ID:
C0678230
Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Facial asymmetry
MedGen UID:
266298
Concept ID:
C1306710
Finding
An abnormal difference between the left and right sides of the face.
Triangular face
MedGen UID:
324383
Concept ID:
C1835884
Finding
Facial contour, as viewed from the front, triangular in shape, with breadth at the temples and tapering to a narrow chin.
Long face
MedGen UID:
324419
Concept ID:
C1836047
Finding
Facial height (length) is more than 2 standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, an apparent increase in the height (length) of the face (subjective).
Narrow forehead
MedGen UID:
326956
Concept ID:
C1839758
Finding
Width of the forehead or distance between the frontotemporales is more than two standard deviations below the mean (objective); or apparently narrow intertemporal region (subjective).
Pointed chin
MedGen UID:
336193
Concept ID:
C1844505
Finding
A marked tapering of the lower face to the chin.
Midface retrusion
MedGen UID:
339938
Concept ID:
C1853242
Anatomical Abnormality
Posterior positions and/or vertical shortening of the infraorbital and perialar regions, or increased concavity of the face and/or reduced nasolabial angle.
Prominent nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
343051
Concept ID:
C1854113
Finding
Anterior positioning of the nasal root in comparison to the usual positioning for age.
Low hanging columella
MedGen UID:
344656
Concept ID:
C1856119
Finding
Columella extending inferior to the level of the nasal base, when viewed from the side.
Sparse medial eyebrow
MedGen UID:
395444
Concept ID:
C1860256
Finding
Decreased density/number and/or decreased diameter of medial eyebrow hairs.
Short philtrum
MedGen UID:
350006
Concept ID:
C1861324
Finding
Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.
Thin upper lip vermilion
MedGen UID:
355352
Concept ID:
C1865017
Finding
Height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the midline more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the frontal view (subjective).
Downturned corners of mouth
MedGen UID:
356471
Concept ID:
C1866195
Anatomical Abnormality
A morphological abnormality of the mouth in which the angle of the mouth is downturned. The oral commissures are positioned inferior to the midline labial fissure.
Highly arched eyebrow
MedGen UID:
358357
Concept ID:
C1868571
Finding
Increased height of the central portion of the eyebrow, forming a crescent, semicircular, or inverted U shape.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Upper eyelid edema
MedGen UID:
825252
Concept ID:
C3839407
Finding
Edema in the region of the upper eyelid.
Peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors
MedGen UID:
870609
Concept ID:
C4025060
Finding
A tooth crown with its mesial and distal sides converging or tapering toward the incisal edge causing severe reduction of mesiodistal diameter
Thin eyebrow
MedGen UID:
924116
Concept ID:
C4281771
Finding
Decreased diameter of eyebrow hairs.
Freckling
MedGen UID:
5272
Concept ID:
C0016689
Finding
The presence of an increased number of freckles, small circular spots on the skin that are darker than the surrounding skin because of deposits of melanin.
Inversion of nipple
MedGen UID:
82844
Concept ID:
C0269269
Anatomical Abnormality
The presence of nipples that instead of pointing outward are retracted inwards.
Wide intermamillary distance
MedGen UID:
473489
Concept ID:
C1827524
Finding
A larger than usual distance between the left and right nipple.
Low-set nipples
MedGen UID:
324640
Concept ID:
C1836933
Finding
Placement of the nipples at a lower than normal location.
Amblyopia
MedGen UID:
8009
Concept ID:
C0002418
Disease or Syndrome
Reduced visual acuity that is uncorrectable by lenses in the absence of detectable anatomic defects in the eye or visual pathways.
Astigmatism
MedGen UID:
2473
Concept ID:
C0004106
Disease or Syndrome
Astigmatism (from the Greek 'a' meaning absence and 'stigma' meaning point) is a condition in which the parallel rays of light entering the eye through the refractive media are not focused on a single point. Both corneal and noncorneal factors contribute to refractive astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is mainly the result of an aspheric anterior surface of the cornea, which can be measured readily by means of a keratometer; in a small fraction of cases (approximately 1 in 10) the effect is neutralized by the back surface. The curvature of the back surface of the cornea is not considered in most studies, because it is more difficult to measure; moreover, in the case of severe corneal astigmatism, there is evidence that both surfaces have the same configuration. Noncorneal factors are errors in the curvature of the 2 surfaces of the crystalline lens, irregularity in the refractive index of the lens, and an eccentric lens position. Since the cornea is the dominant component of the eye's refracting system, a highly astigmatic cornea is likely to result in a similarly astigmatic ocular refraction (summary by Clementi et al., 1998).
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
Concept ID:
C0005745
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).
Esotropia
MedGen UID:
4550
Concept ID:
C0014877
Disease or Syndrome
A form of strabismus with one or both eyes turned inward ('crossed') to a relatively severe degree, usually defined as 10 diopters or more.
Proptosis
MedGen UID:
41917
Concept ID:
C0015300
Disease or Syndrome
An eye that is protruding anterior to the plane of the face to a greater extent than is typical.
Myopia
MedGen UID:
44558
Concept ID:
C0027092
Disease or Syndrome
Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.\n\nNearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.\n\nFor normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.\n\nNearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.\n\nEye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.
Optic atrophy
MedGen UID:
18180
Concept ID:
C0029124
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.
Strabismus
MedGen UID:
21337
Concept ID:
C0038379
Disease or Syndrome
A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.
Deeply set eye
MedGen UID:
473112
Concept ID:
C0423224
Finding
An eye that is more deeply recessed into the plane of the face than is typical.
Cerebral visual impairment
MedGen UID:
890568
Concept ID:
C4048268
Pathologic Function
A form of loss of vision caused by damage to the visual cortex rather than a defect in the eye.
Esodeviation
MedGen UID:
1641033
Concept ID:
C4551734
Disease or Syndrome
A manifest or latent ocular deviation in which one or both eyes tends to deviate nasally.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVAutosomal dominant intellectual disability-craniofacial anomalies-cardiac defects syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Tafazoli A, Eshraghi P, Pantaleoni F, Vakili R, Moghaddassian M, Ghahraman M, Muto V, Paolacci S, Golyan FF, Abbaszadegan MR
Adv Med Sci 2018 Mar;63(1):87-93. Epub 2017 Sep 26 doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.07.001. PMID: 28957739
Kouz K, Lissewski C, Spranger S, Mitter D, Riess A, Lopez-Gonzalez V, Lüttgen S, Aydin H, von Deimling F, Evers C, Hahn A, Hempel M, Issa U, Kahlert AK, Lieb A, Villavicencio-Lorini P, Ballesta-Martinez MJ, Nampoothiri S, Ovens-Raeder A, Puchmajerová A, Satanovskij R, Seidel H, Unkelbach S, Zabel B, Kutsche K, Zenker M
Genet Med 2016 Dec;18(12):1226-1234. Epub 2016 Apr 21 doi: 10.1038/gim.2016.32. PMID: 27101134

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Quental R, Gonçalves D, Rodrigues E, Serrano Gonçalves E, Oliveira J, Parente Freixo J, Leão M
Am J Med Genet A 2022 Apr;188(4):1311-1316. Epub 2022 Jan 8 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62636. PMID: 34997803
Kim DS, Li YK, Kim JH, Bergquist CS, Gerdes M, Bernbaum JC, Burnham N, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Nicolson SC, Spray TL, Nickerson DA, Hakonarson H, Jarvik GP, Gaynor JW
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018 Mar;155(3):1139-1147.e2. Epub 2017 Dec 7 doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.08.035. PMID: 29452463Free PMC Article
Tafazoli A, Eshraghi P, Pantaleoni F, Vakili R, Moghaddassian M, Ghahraman M, Muto V, Paolacci S, Golyan FF, Abbaszadegan MR
Adv Med Sci 2018 Mar;63(1):87-93. Epub 2017 Sep 26 doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.07.001. PMID: 28957739
Garavelli L, Maini I, Baccilieri F, Ivanovski I, Pollazzon M, Rosato S, Iughetti L, Unger S, Superti-Furga A, Tartaglia M
Eur J Pediatr 2016 Oct;175(10):1307-15. Epub 2016 Aug 25 doi: 10.1007/s00431-016-2761-3. PMID: 27562837
Baldassarre G, Mussa A, Dotta A, Banaudi E, Forzano S, Marinosci A, Rossi C, Tartaglia M, Silengo M, Ferrero GB
Prenat Diagn 2011 Oct;31(10):949-54. Epub 2011 Jul 11 doi: 10.1002/pd.2804. PMID: 21744363

Diagnosis

Duan J, Ye Y, Liao J, Chen L, Zhao X, Liu C, Wen J
BMC Pediatr 2023 Apr 4;23(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-03972-9. PMID: 37016333Free PMC Article
Yamada M, Suzuki H, Futagawa H, Takenouchi T, Miya F, Yoshihashi H, Kosaki K
Eur J Med Genet 2022 Jun;65(6):104512. Epub 2022 Apr 18 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104512. PMID: 35439611
Zhang K, Cox E, Strom S, Xu ZL, Disilvestro A, Usrey K
Am J Med Genet A 2020 Sep;182(9):2124-2128. Epub 2020 Jun 26 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61725. PMID: 32588558
Bhambhani V, Muenke M
Am Fam Physician 2014 Jan 1;89(1):37-43. PMID: 24444506Free PMC Article
van der Burgt I
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Jan 14;2:4. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-4. PMID: 17222357Free PMC Article

Therapy

Jinxiu L, Shuimei L, Ming X, Jonathan LC, Xiangju L, Wenyuan D
Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Apr;99(16):e19813. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019813. PMID: 32311999Free PMC Article
Kim DS, Li YK, Kim JH, Bergquist CS, Gerdes M, Bernbaum JC, Burnham N, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Nicolson SC, Spray TL, Nickerson DA, Hakonarson H, Jarvik GP, Gaynor JW
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018 Mar;155(3):1139-1147.e2. Epub 2017 Dec 7 doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.08.035. PMID: 29452463Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Whitford W, Taylor J, Hayes I, Smith W, Snell RG, Lehnert K, Jacobsen JC
Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024 Jan;12(1):e2350. Epub 2023 Dec 26 doi: 10.1002/mgg3.2350. PMID: 38146907Free PMC Article
Saffari A, Lau T, Tajsharghi H, Karimiani EG, Kariminejad A, Efthymiou S, Zifarelli G, Sultan T, Toosi MB, Sedighzadeh S, Siu VM, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, AlShamsi AM, Ibrahim S, Al-Sannaa NA, Al-Hertani W, Sandra W, Tarnopolsky M, Alavi S, Li C, Day-Salvatore DL, Martínez-González MJ, Levandoski KM, Bedoukian E, Madan-Khetarpal S, Idleburg MJ, Menezes MJ, Siddharth A, Platzer K, Oppermann H, Smitka M, Collins F, Lek M, Shahrooei M, Ghavideldarestani M, Herman I, Rendu J, Faure J, Baker J, Bhambhani V, Calderwood L, Akhondian J, Imannezhad S, Mirzadeh HS, Hashemi N, Doosti M, Safi M, Ahangari N, Torbati PN, Abedini S, Salpietro V, Gulec EY, Eshaghian S, Ghazavi M, Pascher MT, Vogel M, Abicht A, Moutton S, Bruel AL, Rieubland C, Gallati S, Strom TM, Lochmüller H, Mohammadi MH, Alvi JR, Zackai EH, Keena BA, Skraban CM, Berger SI, Andrew EH, Rahimian E, Morrow MM, Wentzensen IM, Millan F, Henderson LB, Dafsari HS, Jungbluth H, Gomez-Ospina N, McRae A, Peter M, Veltra D, Marinakis NM, Sofocleous C, Ashrafzadeh F, Pehlivan D, Lemke JR, Melki J, Benezit A, Bauer P, Weis D, Lupski JR, Senderek J, Christodoulou J, Chung WK, Goodchild R, Offiah AC, Moreno-De-Luca A, Suri M, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Houlden H, Maroofian R
Brain 2023 Aug 1;146(8):3273-3288. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad039. PMID: 36757831Free PMC Article
Yamada A, Shimura C, Shinkai Y
J Hum Genet 2018 May;63(5):555-562. Epub 2018 Feb 19 doi: 10.1038/s10038-018-0413-3. PMID: 29459631
Baldassarre G, Mussa A, Dotta A, Banaudi E, Forzano S, Marinosci A, Rossi C, Tartaglia M, Silengo M, Ferrero GB
Prenat Diagn 2011 Oct;31(10):949-54. Epub 2011 Jul 11 doi: 10.1002/pd.2804. PMID: 21744363
van der Burgt I
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Jan 14;2:4. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-4. PMID: 17222357Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Leduc F, Smol T, Catteau B, Boute O, Petit F
Eur J Med Genet 2024 Jun;69:104942. Epub 2024 Apr 25 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104942. PMID: 38677542
Whitford W, Taylor J, Hayes I, Smith W, Snell RG, Lehnert K, Jacobsen JC
Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024 Jan;12(1):e2350. Epub 2023 Dec 26 doi: 10.1002/mgg3.2350. PMID: 38146907Free PMC Article
Saffari A, Lau T, Tajsharghi H, Karimiani EG, Kariminejad A, Efthymiou S, Zifarelli G, Sultan T, Toosi MB, Sedighzadeh S, Siu VM, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, AlShamsi AM, Ibrahim S, Al-Sannaa NA, Al-Hertani W, Sandra W, Tarnopolsky M, Alavi S, Li C, Day-Salvatore DL, Martínez-González MJ, Levandoski KM, Bedoukian E, Madan-Khetarpal S, Idleburg MJ, Menezes MJ, Siddharth A, Platzer K, Oppermann H, Smitka M, Collins F, Lek M, Shahrooei M, Ghavideldarestani M, Herman I, Rendu J, Faure J, Baker J, Bhambhani V, Calderwood L, Akhondian J, Imannezhad S, Mirzadeh HS, Hashemi N, Doosti M, Safi M, Ahangari N, Torbati PN, Abedini S, Salpietro V, Gulec EY, Eshaghian S, Ghazavi M, Pascher MT, Vogel M, Abicht A, Moutton S, Bruel AL, Rieubland C, Gallati S, Strom TM, Lochmüller H, Mohammadi MH, Alvi JR, Zackai EH, Keena BA, Skraban CM, Berger SI, Andrew EH, Rahimian E, Morrow MM, Wentzensen IM, Millan F, Henderson LB, Dafsari HS, Jungbluth H, Gomez-Ospina N, McRae A, Peter M, Veltra D, Marinakis NM, Sofocleous C, Ashrafzadeh F, Pehlivan D, Lemke JR, Melki J, Benezit A, Bauer P, Weis D, Lupski JR, Senderek J, Christodoulou J, Chung WK, Goodchild R, Offiah AC, Moreno-De-Luca A, Suri M, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Houlden H, Maroofian R
Brain 2023 Aug 1;146(8):3273-3288. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad039. PMID: 36757831Free PMC Article
Chen B, Chen S, Xiong J, Yin F
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021 Apr 28;46(4):432-437. doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190756. PMID: 33967092Free PMC Article
Niikawa N, Kuroki Y, Kajii T, Matsuura N, Ishikiriyama S, Tonoki H, Ishikawa N, Yamada Y, Fujita M, Umemoto H
Am J Med Genet 1988 Nov;31(3):565-89. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320310312. PMID: 3067577

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    Practice guidelines

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