U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Ischemic encephalopathy

MedGen UID:
3322
•Concept ID:
C0007786
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Brain Ischemia; Brain Ischemias; Encephalopathy, Ischemic; Ischemia, Brain; Ischemic Encephalopathies; Ischemic Encephalopathy
SNOMED CT: Ischemic encephalopathy (389100007)

Definition

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION. [from MeSH]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Hypothermia Treatment.
Arnautovic T, Sinha S, Laptook AR
Obstet Gynecol 2024 Jan 1;143(1):67-81. Epub 2023 Oct 5 doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005392. PMID: 37797337Free PMC Article
Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures.
Pressler RM, Abend NS, Auvin S, Boylan G, Brigo F, Cilio MR, De Vries LS, Elia M, Espeche A, Hahn CD, Inder T, Jette N, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Mader S, Mizrahi EM, Moshé SL, Nagarajan L, Noyman I, Nunes ML, Samia P, Shany E, Shellhaas RA, Subota A, Triki CC, Tsuchida T, Vinayan KP, Wilmshurst JM, Yozawitz EG, Hartmann H
Epilepsia 2023 Oct;64(10):2550-2570. Epub 2023 Sep 1 doi: 10.1111/epi.17745. PMID: 37655702
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cerebral palsy.
O'Shea TM
Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 Dec;51(4):816-28. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181870ba7. PMID: 18981805Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Asphyxia, Therapeutic Hypothermia, and Pulmonary Hypertension.
Geisinger R, Rios DR, McNamara PJ, Levy PT
Clin Perinatol 2024 Mar;51(1):127-149. Epub 2023 Dec 15 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2023.11.007. PMID: 38325938
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Changing Outcomes Across the Spectrum.
Pappas A, Milano G, Chalak LF
Clin Perinatol 2023 Mar;50(1):31-52. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.11.007. PMID: 36868712
Placental pathology and neonatal encephalopathy.
Fox A, Doyle E, Geary M, Hayes B
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023 Jan;160(1):22-27. Epub 2022 Jul 3 doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14301. PMID: 35694848Free PMC Article
Erythropoietin and Neonatal Neuroprotection.
Juul SE, Pet GC
Clin Perinatol 2015 Sep;42(3):469-81. Epub 2015 May 14 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2015.04.004. PMID: 26250911Free PMC Article
Who should we cool after perinatal asphyxia?
Thoresen M
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Apr;20(2):66-71. Epub 2015 Feb 7 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.01.002. PMID: 25667126

Diagnosis

Neonatal Seizures: Core Concepts.
Poston JM, Rebholz A
Neonatal Netw 2021 Nov 1;40(6):362-368. doi: 10.1891/11-T-695. PMID: 34845086
Neonatal Encephalopathy: Beyond Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.
Russ JB, Simmons R, Glass HC
Neoreviews 2021 Mar;22(3):e148-e162. doi: 10.1542/neo.22-3-e148. PMID: 33649088
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a review for the clinician.
Douglas-Escobar M, Weiss MD
JAMA Pediatr 2015 Apr;169(4):397-403. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3269. PMID: 25685948
Who should we cool after perinatal asphyxia?
Thoresen M
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Apr;20(2):66-71. Epub 2015 Feb 7 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.01.002. PMID: 25667126
Neonatal seizures.
Zupanc ML
Pediatr Clin North Am 2004 Aug;51(4):961-78, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2004.03.002. PMID: 15275983

Therapy

Asphyxia, Therapeutic Hypothermia, and Pulmonary Hypertension.
Geisinger R, Rios DR, McNamara PJ, Levy PT
Clin Perinatol 2024 Mar;51(1):127-149. Epub 2023 Dec 15 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2023.11.007. PMID: 38325938
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Changing Outcomes Across the Spectrum.
Pappas A, Milano G, Chalak LF
Clin Perinatol 2023 Mar;50(1):31-52. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.11.007. PMID: 36868712
Neuroprotection for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Contributions from the neonatal research network.
Bonifacio SL, Chalak LF, Van Meurs KP, Laptook AR, Shankaran S
Semin Perinatol 2022 Nov;46(7):151639. Epub 2022 Jun 10 doi: 10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151639. PMID: 35835616Free PMC Article
Novel Therapeutics for Neonatal Seizures.
Ziobro JM, Eschbach K, Shellhaas RA
Neurotherapeutics 2021 Jul;18(3):1564-1581. Epub 2021 Aug 12 doi: 10.1007/s13311-021-01085-8. PMID: 34386906Free PMC Article
Outcomes in childhood following therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
Natarajan G, Pappas A, Shankaran S
Semin Perinatol 2016 Dec;40(8):549-555. Epub 2016 Nov 15 doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.007. PMID: 27863707Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Outcome and prognostication after cardiac arrest.
Henson T, Rawanduzy C, Salazar M, Sebastian A, Weber H, Al-Mufti F, Mayer SA
Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022 Feb;1508(1):23-34. Epub 2021 Sep 27 doi: 10.1111/nyas.14699. PMID: 34580886
The Term Newborn: Evaluation for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.
Bonifacio SL, Hutson S
Clin Perinatol 2021 Aug;48(3):681-695. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2021.05.014. PMID: 34353587
Evaluation for the etiology of neonatal encephalopathy and the diagnosis of FIRS.
Wiswell TE
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2020 Aug;25(4):101140. Epub 2020 Jul 10 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101140. PMID: 33158495
Therapeutic Hypothermia: How Can We Optimize This Therapy to Further Improve Outcomes?
Natarajan G, Laptook A, Shankaran S
Clin Perinatol 2018 Jun;45(2):241-255. Epub 2018 Feb 23 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2018.01.010. PMID: 29747886Free PMC Article
Outcomes of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in neonates treated with hypothermia.
Shankaran S
Clin Perinatol 2014 Mar;41(1):149-59. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2013.10.008. PMID: 24524452

Clinical prediction guides

Advances in Neuroimaging Biomarkers and Scoring.
Machie M, de Vries LS, Inder T
Clin Perinatol 2024 Sep;51(3):629-647. Epub 2024 May 22 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2024.04.005. PMID: 39095101
Early Spontaneous Movements of Infants With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.
Alkan H, Kahraman A, Mutlu A
Pediatr Phys Ther 2021 Jan 1;33(1):18-22. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000759. PMID: 33337769
Outcomes after acute symptomatic seizures in neonates.
Glass HC, Grinspan ZM, Shellhaas RA
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018 Jun;23(3):218-222. Epub 2018 Feb 6 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.001. PMID: 29454756
Outcomes in childhood following therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
Natarajan G, Pappas A, Shankaran S
Semin Perinatol 2016 Dec;40(8):549-555. Epub 2016 Nov 15 doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.007. PMID: 27863707Free PMC Article
Outcomes of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in neonates treated with hypothermia.
Shankaran S
Clin Perinatol 2014 Mar;41(1):149-59. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2013.10.008. PMID: 24524452

Recent systematic reviews

Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures.
Pressler RM, Abend NS, Auvin S, Boylan G, Brigo F, Cilio MR, De Vries LS, Elia M, Espeche A, Hahn CD, Inder T, Jette N, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Mader S, Mizrahi EM, Moshé SL, Nagarajan L, Noyman I, Nunes ML, Samia P, Shany E, Shellhaas RA, Subota A, Triki CC, Tsuchida T, Vinayan KP, Wilmshurst JM, Yozawitz EG, Hartmann H
Epilepsia 2023 Oct;64(10):2550-2570. Epub 2023 Sep 1 doi: 10.1111/epi.17745. PMID: 37655702
Biomarkers of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review.
Caramelo I, Coelho M, Rosado M, Cardoso CMP, Dinis A, Duarte CB, Grãos M, Manadas B
World J Pediatr 2023 Jun;19(6):505-548. Epub 2023 Apr 21 doi: 10.1007/s12519-023-00698-7. PMID: 37084165Free PMC Article
Advances in Neonatal Acute Kidney Injury.
Starr MC, Charlton JR, Guillet R, Reidy K, Tipple TE, Jetton JG, Kent AL, Abitbol CL, Ambalavanan N, Mhanna MJ, Askenazi DJ, Selewski DT, Harer MW; Neonatal Kidney Collaborative Board
Pediatrics 2021 Nov;148(5) Epub 2021 Oct 1 doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-051220. PMID: 34599008
Hypothermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.
Shah PS
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2010 Oct;15(5):238-46. Epub 2010 Mar 7 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2010.02.003. PMID: 20211588
The risks of underwater birth.
Pinette MG, Wax J, Wilson E
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 May;190(5):1211-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.12.007. PMID: 15167820

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...