U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome(RRS1)

MedGen UID:
1770070
Concept ID:
C5399974
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: COSTOVERTEBRAL SEGMENTATION DEFECT WITH MESOMELIA; COVESDEM SYNDROME; ROBINOW SYNDROME, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 1; ROR2-Related Robinow Syndrome; RRS1
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): ROR2 (9q22.31)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009999
OMIM®: 268310
Orphanet: ORPHA1507

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: ROR2-Related Robinow Syndrome
ROR2-related Robinow syndrome is characterized by distinctive craniofacial features, skeletal abnormalities, and other anomalies. Craniofacial features include macrocephaly, broad prominent forehead, low-set ears, ocular hypertelorism, prominent eyes, midface hypoplasia, short upturned nose with depressed nasal bridge and flared nostrils, large and triangular mouth with exposed incisors and upper gums, gum hypertrophy, misaligned teeth, ankyloglossia, and micrognathia. Skeletal abnormalities include short stature, mesomelic or acromesomelic limb shortening, hemivertebrae with fusion of thoracic vertebrae, and brachydactyly. Other common features include micropenis with or without cryptorchidism in males and reduced clitoral size and hypoplasia of the labia majora in females, renal tract abnormalities, and nail hypoplasia or dystrophy. The disorder is recognizable at birth or in early childhood. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Carlos A Bacino   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome-1 (RRS1) is a severe skeletal dysplasia characterized by dysmorphic facial features, including frontal bossing, hypertelorism, and broad nose, short-limbed dwarfism, vertebral segmentation, and genital hypoplasia (summary by van Bokhoven et al., 2000). Genetic Heterogeneity of Robinow Syndrome Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome-2 (RRS2; 618529) is caused by mutation in the NXN gene (612895) on chromosome 17p13. See also autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome-1 (DRS1; 180700), caused by mutation in the WNT5A gene (164975) on chromosome 3p14; DRS2 (616331), caused by mutation in the DVL1 gene (601365) on chromosome 1p36; and DRS3 (616894), caused by mutation in the DVL3 gene (601368) on chromosome 3q27.  http://www.omim.org/entry/268310
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Robinow syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the development of many parts of the body, particularly the skeleton. The types of Robinow syndrome can be distinguished by the severity of their signs and symptoms and by their pattern of inheritance: autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant.

Autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome has signs and symptoms that are similar to, but tend to be milder than, those of the autosomal recessive form. Abnormalities of the spine and ribs are rarely seen in the autosomal dominant form, and short stature is less pronounced. A variant form of autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome includes increased bone mineral density (osteosclerosis) affecting the bones of the skull in addition to the signs and symptoms listed above. This variant is called the osteosclerotic form of Robinow syndrome.

Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome is characterized by skeletal abnormalities including shortening of the long bones in the arms and legs, particularly the forearms; abnormally short fingers and toes (brachydactyly); wedge-shaped spinal bones (hemivertebrae) leading to an abnormal curvature of the spine (kyphoscoliosis); fused or missing ribs; and short stature. Affected individuals also have distinctive facial features, such as a broad forehead, prominent and widely spaced eyes, a short nose with an upturned tip, a wide nasal bridge, and a broad and triangle-shaped mouth. Together, these facial features are sometimes described as "fetal facies" because they resemble the facial structure of a developing fetus. Other common features of autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome include underdeveloped genitalia in both males and females, and dental problems such as crowded teeth and overgrowth of the gums. Kidney and heart defects are also possible. Development is delayed in 10 to 15 percent of people with this condition, although intelligence is usually normal.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/robinow-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
8192
Concept ID:
C0010417
Congenital Abnormality
Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, is a common human congenital abnormality with a multifactorial etiology that likely reflects the involvement of endocrine, environmental, and hereditary factors. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for testicular tumors. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in 2 distinct phases: the transabdominal phase and the inguinoscrotal phase (summary by Gorlov et al., 2002).
Hydronephrosis
MedGen UID:
42531
Concept ID:
C0020295
Disease or Syndrome
Severe distention of the kidney with dilation of the renal pelvis and calices.
Nephrocalcinosis
MedGen UID:
10222
Concept ID:
C0027709
Disease or Syndrome
Nephrocalcinosis is the deposition of calcium salts in renal parenchyma.
Renal duplication
MedGen UID:
488826
Concept ID:
C0266298
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital anomaly of the urinary tract, in which the kidney is duplicated and is drained via two separate renal pelves and ureters.
Nephrolithiasis
MedGen UID:
98227
Concept ID:
C0392525
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of calculi (stones) in the kidneys.
Hypoplastic labia majora
MedGen UID:
107566
Concept ID:
C0566899
Finding
Undergrowth of the outer labia.
Clitoral hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
336198
Concept ID:
C1844527
Finding
Developmental hypoplasia of the clitoris.
Micropenis
MedGen UID:
1633603
Concept ID:
C4551492
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormally small penis. At birth, the normal penis is about 3 cm (stretched length from pubic tubercle to tip of penis) with micropenis less than 2.0-2.5 cm.
Brachydactyly
MedGen UID:
67454
Concept ID:
C0221357
Congenital Abnormality
Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.
Dislocated radial head
MedGen UID:
488814
Concept ID:
C0265563
Congenital Abnormality
A dislocation of the head of the radius from its socket in the elbow joint.
Broad thumb
MedGen UID:
140880
Concept ID:
C0426891
Finding
Increased thumb width without increased dorso-ventral dimension.
Mesomelia
MedGen UID:
107808
Concept ID:
C0549306
Congenital Abnormality
Shortening of the middle parts of the limbs (forearm and lower leg) in relation to the upper and terminal segments.
Small hand
MedGen UID:
108279
Concept ID:
C0575802
Finding
Disproportionately small hand.
Hypoplasia of the radius
MedGen UID:
672334
Concept ID:
C0685381
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the radius.
Short middle phalanx of the 5th finger
MedGen UID:
322335
Concept ID:
C1834060
Anatomical Abnormality
Hypoplastic/small middle phalanx of the fifth finger.
Radial deviation of finger
MedGen UID:
322852
Concept ID:
C1836189
Finding
Bending or curvature of a finger toward the radial side (i.e., towards the thumb). The deviation is at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, and this finding is distinct from clinodactyly.
Aplasia/Hypoplasia involving the metacarpal bones
MedGen UID:
322855
Concept ID:
C1836192
Finding
Aplasia or Hypoplasia affecting the metacarpal bones.
Proximal/middle symphalangism of 5th finger
MedGen UID:
332151
Concept ID:
C1836212
Finding
Fusion of the proximal and middle phalanges of the 5th finger.
Short distal phalanx of finger
MedGen UID:
326590
Concept ID:
C1839829
Finding
Short distance from the end of the finger to the most distal interphalangeal crease or the distal interphalangeal joint flexion point. That is, hypoplasia of one or more of the distal phalanx of finger.
Short palm
MedGen UID:
334684
Concept ID:
C1843108
Finding
Short palm.
Duplication of the distal phalanx of hand
MedGen UID:
336580
Concept ID:
C1849343
Finding
This term applies if one or more of the distal phalanges of the hand are either partially duplicated, depending on severity leading to a broad or bifid appearance of the phalanges, or completely duplicated.
Single interphalangeal crease of fifth finger
MedGen UID:
376762
Concept ID:
C1850336
Finding
Presence of only one (instead of two, as normal) interphalangeal crease of the fifth finger.
Radial bowing
MedGen UID:
347136
Concept ID:
C1859399
Anatomical Abnormality
A bending or abnormal curvature of the radius.
Mesomelic arm shortening
MedGen UID:
350587
Concept ID:
C1862087
Finding
Shortening of the middle parts of the arm in relation to the upper and terminal segments.
Broad toe
MedGen UID:
351283
Concept ID:
C1865038
Finding
Visible increase in width of the non-hallux digit without an increase in the dorso-ventral dimension.
Bifid distal phalanx of toe
MedGen UID:
867402
Concept ID:
C4021772
Anatomical Abnormality
Short digit
MedGen UID:
893063
Concept ID:
C4023124
Finding
One or more digit that appears disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot, whereby either the entire digit or a specific phalanx is shortened.
Bilateral ulnar hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
870712
Concept ID:
C4025166
Finding
Underdevelopment of the ulna on both sides.
Clinodactyly
MedGen UID:
1644094
Concept ID:
C4551485
Congenital Abnormality
An angulation of a digit at an interphalangeal joint in the plane of the palm (finger) or sole (toe).
Right ventricular outlet tract obstruction
MedGen UID:
11245
Concept ID:
C0035619
Disease or Syndrome
An obstruction to the forward flow of blood in the outflow tract of the right ventricle.
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Posteriorly rotated ears
MedGen UID:
96566
Concept ID:
C0431478
Congenital Abnormality
A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Inguinal hernia
MedGen UID:
6817
Concept ID:
C0019294
Finding
Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Umbilical hernia
MedGen UID:
9232
Concept ID:
C0019322
Anatomical Abnormality
Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Scoliosis
MedGen UID:
11348
Concept ID:
C0036439
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Frontal bossing
MedGen UID:
67453
Concept ID:
C0221354
Congenital Abnormality
Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.
Hemivertebrae
MedGen UID:
82720
Concept ID:
C0265677
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of one half of the vertebral body.
Rib fusion
MedGen UID:
78570
Concept ID:
C0265695
Congenital Abnormality
Complete or partial merging of adjacent ribs.
Delayed cranial suture closure
MedGen UID:
75805
Concept ID:
C0277828
Finding
Infants normally have two fontanels at birth, the diamond-shaped anterior fontanelle at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, and the posterior fontanelle at the intersection of the occipital and parietal bones. The posterior fontanelle usually closes by the 8th week of life, and the anterior fontanel closes by the 18th month of life on average. This term applies if there is delay of closure of the fontanelles beyond the normal age.
Missing ribs
MedGen UID:
98093
Concept ID:
C0426816
Finding
A developmental anomaly with absence of one or more ribs.
Thoracic hemivertebrae
MedGen UID:
98142
Concept ID:
C0432152
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of one half of the vertebral body in the thoracic spine.
Delayed skeletal maturation
MedGen UID:
108148
Concept ID:
C0541764
Finding
A decreased rate of skeletal maturation. Delayed skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.
Thoracolumbar scoliosis
MedGen UID:
196671
Concept ID:
C0749379
Anatomical Abnormality
Joint hypermobility
MedGen UID:
336793
Concept ID:
C1844820
Finding
The capability that a joint (or a group of joints) has to move, passively and/or actively, beyond normal limits along physiological axes.
Malar flattening
MedGen UID:
347616
Concept ID:
C1858085
Finding
Underdevelopment of the malar prominence of the jugal bone (zygomatic bone in mammals), appreciated in profile, frontal view, and/or by palpation.
Wide anterior fontanel
MedGen UID:
400926
Concept ID:
C1866134
Finding
Enlargement of the anterior fontanelle with respect to age-dependent norms.
Hypoplastic sacrum
MedGen UID:
370356
Concept ID:
C1970816
Finding
Pectus excavatum
MedGen UID:
781174
Concept ID:
C2051831
Finding
A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance.
Macrocephaly
MedGen UID:
745757
Concept ID:
C2243051
Finding
Occipitofrontal (head) circumference greater than 97th centile compared to appropriate, age matched, sex-matched normal standards. Alternatively, a apparently increased size of the cranium.
Vertebral fusion
MedGen UID:
480139
Concept ID:
C3278509
Anatomical Abnormality
A developmental defect leading to the union of two adjacent vertebrae.
Macroglossia
MedGen UID:
44236
Concept ID:
C0024421
Disease or Syndrome
Increased length and width of the tongue.
Wide mouth
MedGen UID:
44238
Concept ID:
C0024433
Congenital Abnormality
Distance between the oral commissures more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased width of the oral aperture (subjective).
Dental crowding
MedGen UID:
11850
Concept ID:
C0040433
Finding
Changes in alignment of teeth in the dental arch
Bifid tongue
MedGen UID:
82731
Concept ID:
C0266111
Congenital Abnormality
Tongue with a median apical indentation or fork.
Absent uvula
MedGen UID:
75599
Concept ID:
C0266121
Congenital Abnormality
Lack of the uvula.
Gingival overgrowth
MedGen UID:
87712
Concept ID:
C0376480
Finding
Hyperplasia of the gingiva (that is, a thickening of the soft tissue overlying the alveolar ridge. The degree of thickening ranges from involvement of the interdental papillae alone to gingival overgrowth covering the entire tooth crown.
Downslanted palpebral fissures
MedGen UID:
98391
Concept ID:
C0423110
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Short neck
MedGen UID:
99267
Concept ID:
C0521525
Finding
Diminished length of the neck.
Depressed nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
373112
Concept ID:
C1836542
Finding
Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.
Prominent forehead
MedGen UID:
373291
Concept ID:
C1837260
Finding
Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.
Tented upper lip vermilion
MedGen UID:
326574
Concept ID:
C1839767
Finding
Triangular appearance of the oral aperture with the apex in the midpoint of the upper vermilion and the lower vermilion forming the base.
Anteverted nares
MedGen UID:
326648
Concept ID:
C1840077
Finding
Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).
Long palpebral fissure
MedGen UID:
340300
Concept ID:
C1849340
Finding
Distance between medial and lateral canthi is more than two standard deviations above the mean for age (objective); or, apparently increased length of the palpebral fissures.
Triangular mouth
MedGen UID:
336578
Concept ID:
C1849341
Finding
The presence of a triangular form of the mouth.
Wide nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
341441
Concept ID:
C1849367
Finding
Increased breadth of the nasal bridge (and with it, the nasal root).
Delayed eruption of permanent teeth
MedGen UID:
340353
Concept ID:
C1849540
Finding
Delayed tooth eruption affecting the secondary dentition.
Flat face
MedGen UID:
342829
Concept ID:
C1853241
Finding
Absence of concavity or convexity of the face when viewed in profile.
Midface retrusion
MedGen UID:
339938
Concept ID:
C1853242
Anatomical Abnormality
Posterior positions and/or vertical shortening of the infraorbital and perialar regions, or increased concavity of the face and/or reduced nasolabial angle.
Short nose
MedGen UID:
343052
Concept ID:
C1854114
Finding
Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.
Long philtrum
MedGen UID:
351278
Concept ID:
C1865014
Finding
Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.
Thin upper lip vermilion
MedGen UID:
355352
Concept ID:
C1865017
Finding
Height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the midline more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the frontal view (subjective).
Nevus flammeus
MedGen UID:
65911
Concept ID:
C0235752
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital vascular malformation consisting of superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin which produce a reddish to purplish discolouration of the skin.
Small nail
MedGen UID:
537942
Concept ID:
C0263523
Finding
A nail that is diminished in length and width, i.e., underdeveloped nail.
Nail dysplasia
MedGen UID:
331737
Concept ID:
C1834405
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of developmental dysplasia of the nail.
Long eyelashes
MedGen UID:
342955
Concept ID:
C1853738
Finding
Mid upper eyelash length >10 mm or increased length of the eyelashes (subjective).
Proptosis
MedGen UID:
41917
Concept ID:
C0015300
Disease or Syndrome
An eye that is protruding anterior to the plane of the face to a greater extent than is typical.
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVAutosomal recessive Robinow syndrome

Recent clinical studies

Diagnosis

Lima AR, Ferreira BM, Zhang C, Jolly A, Du H, White JJ, Dawood M, Lins TC, Chiabai MA, van Beusekom E, Cordoba MS, Caldas Rosa ECC, Kayserili H, Kimonis V, Wu E, Mellado C, Aggarwal V, Richieri-Costa A, Brunoni D, Canó TM, Jorge AAL, Kim CA, Honjo R, Bertola DR, Dandalo-Girardi RM, Bayram Y, Gezdirici A, Yilmaz-Gulec E, Gumus E, Yilmaz GC, Okamoto N, Ohashi H, Coban-Akdemir Z, Mitani T, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Regattieri NAP, Pogue R, Pereira RW, Otto PA, Gibbs RA, Ali BR, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG, Sutton VR, Lupski JR, Vianna-Morgante AM, Carvalho CMB, Mazzeu JF
Hum Mutat 2022 Jul;43(7):900-918. Epub 2022 May 10 doi: 10.1002/humu.24375. PMID: 35344616Free PMC Article
Malik S, Nalbant G, Noreen M, Afzal M, Tolun A
Am J Med Genet A 2022 Jan;188(1):343-349. Epub 2021 Sep 27 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62514. PMID: 34569147
Yang K, Zhu J, Tan Y, Sun X, Zhao H, Tang G, Zhang D, Qi H
J Clin Lab Anal 2020 Feb;34(2):e23074. Epub 2019 Oct 16 doi: 10.1002/jcla.23074. PMID: 31617258Free PMC Article
Eronat N, Cogulu D, Ozkinay F
Eur J Paediatr Dent 2009 Sep;10(3):147-50. PMID: 19761290
Nowakowska B, Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Stankiewicz P, Bocian E, Obersztyn E, Ou Z, Cheung SW, Cai WW
Am J Med Genet A 2007 Aug 15;143A(16):1885-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31845. PMID: 17632781

Prognosis

McDermott H, Robinson HK, Caswell R, Gowda H, Offiah A, Naik S
Am J Med Genet A 2022 Jan;188(1):298-303. Epub 2021 Sep 24 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62499. PMID: 34558814
Yang K, Zhu J, Tan Y, Sun X, Zhao H, Tang G, Zhang D, Qi H
J Clin Lab Anal 2020 Feb;34(2):e23074. Epub 2019 Oct 16 doi: 10.1002/jcla.23074. PMID: 31617258Free PMC Article
Aglan M, Amr K, Ismail S, Ashour A, Otaify GA, Mehrez MA, Aboul-Ezz EH, El-Ruby M, Mazen I, Abdel-Hamid MS, Temtamy SA
Am J Med Genet A 2015 Dec;167A(12):3054-61. Epub 2015 Aug 18 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37287. PMID: 26284319
Grothe R, Anderson-Cermin C, Beiraghi S
J Dent Child (Chic) 2008 Jan-Apr;75(1):48-54. PMID: 18505648
van Bokhoven H, Celli J, Kayserili H, van Beusekom E, Balci S, Brussel W, Skovby F, Kerr B, Percin EF, Akarsu N, Brunner HG
Nat Genet 2000 Aug;25(4):423-6. doi: 10.1038/78113. PMID: 10932187

Clinical prediction guides

McDermott H, Robinson HK, Caswell R, Gowda H, Offiah A, Naik S
Am J Med Genet A 2022 Jan;188(1):298-303. Epub 2021 Sep 24 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62499. PMID: 34558814
Yang K, Zhu J, Tan Y, Sun X, Zhao H, Tang G, Zhang D, Qi H
J Clin Lab Anal 2020 Feb;34(2):e23074. Epub 2019 Oct 16 doi: 10.1002/jcla.23074. PMID: 31617258Free PMC Article
Lv D, Luo Y, Yang W, Cao L, Wen Y, Zhao X, Sun M, Lo WH, Zhang X
J Hum Genet 2009 Jul;54(7):422-5. Epub 2009 May 22 doi: 10.1038/jhg.2009.48. PMID: 19461659
van Bokhoven H, Celli J, Kayserili H, van Beusekom E, Balci S, Brussel W, Skovby F, Kerr B, Percin EF, Akarsu N, Brunner HG
Nat Genet 2000 Aug;25(4):423-6. doi: 10.1038/78113. PMID: 10932187
Afzal AR, Rajab A, Fenske C, Crosby A, Lahiri N, Ternes-Pereira E, Murday VA, Houlston R, Patton MA, Jeffery S
Hum Genet 2000 Mar;106(3):351-4. doi: 10.1007/s004390051049. PMID: 10798366

Supplemental Content

Recent activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...