An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the abdomen.

The presence of blood in the urine. Hematuria may be gross hematuria (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic hematuria (detected by dipstick or microscopic examination of the urine).

Abnormally high level of calcium in the urine.

Nephrocalcinosis is the deposition of calcium salts in renal parenchyma.

An increased rate of urine production.

Increased levels of protein in the urine.

An abnormally low urinary specific gravity, i.e., reduced concentration of solutes in the urine.

Microscopic hematuria detected by dipstick or microscopic examination of the urine.

Repeated infections of the urinary tract.

Patients who routinely have greater than 20 leukocytes per microliter, but have abacterial urine, are said to have sterile pyuria.

The presence of calculi (stones) in the kidneys.

Hematuria that is visible upon inspection of the urine.

An abnormally high level of uric acid in the urine.

Functional anomaly of the kidney persisting for at least three months.

A reduction in the level of performance of the kidneys in areas of function comprising the concentration of urine, removal of wastes, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, homeostasis of blood pressure, and calcium metabolism.

A degree of kidney failure severe enough to require dialysis or kidney transplantation for survival characterized by a severe reduction in glomerular filtration rate (less than 15 ml/min/1.73 m2) and other manifestations including increased serum creatinine.

High urine calcium in the presence of hypocalcemia.

An increased concentration of magnesium the urine.

A lower than normal concentration of citrate(3-) in the urine.

A greater than normal concentration of citrate(3-) in the urine.

High urine magnesium in the presence of hypomagnesemia.

The legs angle inward, such that the knees are close together and the ankles far apart.

Diminished length of one or more metacarpal bones in relation to the others of the same hand or to the contralateral metacarpal.

The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.

A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).

Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.

Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions.

Impaired feeding performance of an infant as manifested by difficulties such as weak and ineffective sucking, brief bursts of sucking, and falling asleep during sucking. There may be difficulties with chewing or maintaining attention.

A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake.

A developmental dysplasia of the dental enamel.

Rickets is divided into two major categories including calcipenic and phosphopenic. Hypophosphatemia is described as a common manifestation of both categories. Hypophosphatemic rickets is the most common type of rickets that is characterized by low levels of serum phosphate, resistance to ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D intake. There are several issues involved in hypophosphatemic rickets such as calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus deficiencies. Moreover, other disorder can be associated with its occurrence such as absorption defects due to pancreatic, intestinal, gastric, and renal disorders and hepatobiliary disease. Symptoms are usually seen in childhood and can be varied in severity. Severe forms may be linked to bowing of the legs, poor bone growth, and short stature as well as joint and bone pain. Hypophosphatemic rickets are associated with renal excretion of phosphate, hypophosphatemia, and mineral defects in bones. The familial type of the disease is the most common type of rickets.

A condition characterized by intermittent involuntary contraction of muscles (spasms) related to hypocalcemia or occasionally magnesium deficiency.

Reduced strength of muscles.

Enamel with a white or brown discoloration without hypoplasia.

A bending or abnormal curvature affecting a long bone of the leg.

Abnormal acid accumulation or depletion of base.

An abnormally decreased calcium concentration in the blood.

An abnormally increased phosphate concentration in the blood.

An abnormally decreased magnesium concentration in the blood.

An increased amount of creatinine in the blood.

An abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.

An abnormal increased concentration of parathyroid hormone.

Abnormally increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase activity.

A type of renal tubular acidosis characterized by a failure of acid secretion by the alpha intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct of the distal nephron. The urine cannot be acidified below a pH of 5.3, associated with acidemia and hypokalemia.

Any deviation from the normal concentration of calcium in the blood circulation.

A reduced concentration of calcitriol in the blood. Calcitriol is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

A abnormal elevation above the normal concentration of beta-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in the blood circulation.

Developmental hypoplasia of the dental enamel.

Astigmatism (from the Greek 'a' meaning absence and 'stigma' meaning point) is a condition in which the parallel rays of light entering the eye through the refractive media are not focused on a single point. Both corneal and noncorneal factors contribute to refractive astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is mainly the result of an aspheric anterior surface of the cornea, which can be measured readily by means of a keratometer; in a small fraction of cases (approximately 1 in 10) the effect is neutralized by the back surface. The curvature of the back surface of the cornea is not considered in most studies, because it is more difficult to measure; moreover, in the case of severe corneal astigmatism, there is evidence that both surfaces have the same configuration. Noncorneal factors are errors in the curvature of the 2 surfaces of the crystalline lens, irregularity in the refractive index of the lens, and an eccentric lens position. Since the cornea is the dominant component of the eye's refracting system, a highly astigmatic cornea is likely to result in a similarly astigmatic ocular refraction (summary by Clementi et al., 1998).

An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.

Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.\n\nNearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.\n\nFor normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.\n\nNearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.\n\nEye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.

Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.

A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.